Tiyorîyî Nêwandeqêtî le ber Tîşkî Raveyekî Nuyê Mikhail Bakhtin Le Delaqeyî Nîgarî Popêrewe

Tiyorîyî Nêwandeqêtî le ber Tîşkî Raveyekî Nuyê

Mikhail Bakhtin Le Delaqeyî Nîgarî Popêrewe

REHBER MEHMÛDZADE – LATÎNÎZEKIRIN: MEHMET EMÎN CIRIK

Puxte: Tiyorîyî nêwandeqêkî le pantayî rexneyî edebî da le layen rojyek le qutabxane rexneyekanewe selmêndirawe û karî pêkrawe. Bellam renge heta êsta rexnegran beşwên çespandinî (êsbatkirdinî) nawaxnî em tiyorîweye nebûbin. Lem witare da hewl dirawe be kelk wergirtin le boçûnekanî karil çopêr em tiyorîye biçespêndirê. Hem weha hewl dirawe wilamî em pisyarî bidrêtewe ke deqe edebîyekan lebarî ontolojîkewe ser be cîhanêkin û çi şêwe bûnêkyan heye.

Pêşekî

Tiyorîyî nêwandeqêkî[1] lew degmen tiyorîyaneye ke lenaw zorbeyî qutabxanekanî rexneyî edebî be hemû xorawçorî û nakokîyanewe, kodengîyekî rêjeyî lebar ey da heye. Rexnegirî pêkhatexwaz[2], xuwêndineweyî xoyî lem tiyorîye heye û rexnegirî pêkhateşkênîş têgeyştinî xoyî lê heye. Bîrmendî modêrndidanî xêrî pê da dehênê, nûserî postemolêr nîş webalî bo dekêşê. Zor yek lew rexnegraneyî pêkhatinyan le ser gelêk le binemakanî rexneyî edebî esteme, lehast tiyorî nêwandeqêtî –lanî kem lebereyî binema giştîyekanî em tiyorîye da– deswanin bigen be rêkkewtnêkî rêjeyî. Her em rêkekewtine rêjeyyewêrayî hêndêk hokarîtir wayî kirduwe nêwandeqîtî nek wekû tiyorîyekî sakarî biwarî rexne û tiyorîyî edeb le pal tiyorîye zoruzewendekanîtirî em biware, bigire wekû çiwarçêweyekî hawbeş û wekû mentîqî rexne û tiyorî edeb çawî lê bigirê.

Rîşeyî basî nêwandeqêtî degerêtewe bo boçûnekanî Mikhail Bakhtin bîrmendî rûs. Kaklî pirojeyî Baxtîn le ser dîyalojîsm le biwarî rexneyî edebî le dahênanekanî Julia Kristeva xanme bîrmendî nasrawî Bulxaryayîye.

Bo têgeyiştinî mana û nawerokî nêwandeqêtî detuwanîn lem pirsyarewe destpêbikeyn ke aya manayî deqêkî edebî her betenya le naw sinûrekanî ew deqe da cêgîre ya bepêçewane sinûrî hîç deqêk ewende tund û tokme nîye ke bituwanê pêşî geryanî azadî mana le naw cîhanî herawî deqe edebîyekanî bigirê û manayî her deqêk ewindeyî le naw xudî deqeke da şeql degrê. Ewendeş pel dehawêjê bo dereweyî sinûre rruwaletîyekanî xoyî. Eger birruwaman wabê her degêkî edebî le bareyî manawe xobjîwe[3] û têgeyştinî manayî degêk firrî be têgeyştinî deqî tirewe nîye. Ewa nêwandeqêtîman red kirdûtewe. Bellam eger le ser em birruwaye bîn ke her degêk wekû çuwargoşeyî naw rayellkeyek[4] waye ke rûbarêk mana beser hemû rayelkeke da derwaw wanye her çuwargoşe û girêyek betanya le naw rayelkeke da kanîleyî manayî xoyî derbiqullênê, ewa tiyorî nêwandeqêtîman selmanduwe.

Le naw dû bo xûneyî serewe, bo çûnî yekem ke dij be tiyorî nêwandeqêtî ye, bo maweyekî zor wek bo çûnêkî haşahellnegir û belgenewîst çawî lêkirawe û piştesturîş buwe be têgeyştinî asayî xuwêneran û rexnegiran. Bellam le seretakanî sedeyî bîstemewe, berebere binemakanî bo çûnî duwem jiyadtir berew seqamgîrî çûn. Giraham alên tûsereyî kitêbî çirrûçirrî ”nêwandeqêtî” lem bareyedadelê:

“Ew boçûne ke ême le katî xuwêndineweyî ber hemêkî edebî be şuwên dozîneweyî manayêkîn ke le naw ber hemeke da cêgîre, bo çûnêkî tewaw asayî dête ber çaw. Deqe edebîyekan xoyan xawen manan û xuwêneranîş ew manaye le deq helldehêncin. Nawî piroseyî wergirtin û hellhêncanî mana le deq birêtîye le xuwêndnewe ya raqe. Bellam bo çûnî ewto bepêçewaneyî binerretî de hellmet gîrawin[5]. (…) tiyorî darrêjanî modêrrn pêyan waye deq, çi deqî edebî û çi deqî xeyrî edebî, xawenî manayêkî serbexo nîye. Deqekan pêkhatû le aştebayêkin ke tiyorî darrêjanî emro pêyî dellên babetî nêwanqekî. Tiyorî darêjan bangeşeyî ewe deken ke kirdeyî xuwêndnewe, ême debate naw rayelleyek le pêwendîye deqîyekanewe. Raqeyî deq ya dojîneweyî mana ya manakanî ew deqe le rastî da birêtîye le hellgirtinî şuwênî ew pêwendiyane. Kewaye xuwêndinewe debête piroserî hatew çû le nêwan deqekan. Manaş debête şitêk ke be şêweyekî hawbeş le nêwan deqêk û gişt deqekanî pêwendîdar bew deqe degûrê. Em rewete birêtîye le derkewtin le deqêkî serbexo û çûnenaw rayelleyek le pêwendîye nawdeqîyekan, deqdebê be nêwandeq.”[6]

Berew Xuwêndneweyekî Nuwêyî Tiyorî Nêwandeqêtî

Beserniçdan bew basew xuwasaneyî ta êsta û rûjawn detuwanîn bem encame bigeny ke tiyorî nêwandeqêtî le çendîn sazderî[7] tiyorîkî wirdtirewe pêk dê. Bo pênaseyî wirdbînanetirî em tiyorîye detuwanîn be şêweyî xuwarewe emsazderane destnîşan bikeyn:

Sazderî mananasane (sêmantîk): şeql girtin û gûranî manayî hîç deqêk be şêweyî piroseyekî serbexo sernagirê û gûranî manayî deq legel şeql girtinî manayî komalêk deqî tir le piroseyekî têktendraweyî berdewam da rûdeda.

Sazderî me’rîfenasane (epîstmolojîk): Têgeyştinî deqêk bestrawetewe be têgeyştinî hêndêk deqî pêwendîdarîtir.

Sazderî yekemî bûnasanne (ontolojîk): Deqî tak bûnêkî serbexoyî nîye.

Sazderî duwemî bûnasanna: Cîhanêkî serbexo bûnî heye ke le komeleyî deqekanewe pêk dê.

Êsta detuwanîn dû pirsyarî zor girîng bihênîne gorrê û beşî serekî û tarî berdest le ser wilamdanewe bew pirsyare jiyanekîyan sax bikeytewe. Detuwanîn pirsyarî yekem bem şêweye gelale bikeyn:

Em cîhaneserbexoyeyî le komeleyî deqekanewe pêk dê, cîhanêkî girîmaneyî û xeyalîye ya cîhanêkî eynî û rasteqîneye?

Dekirê pirsyarî duwem bem şêweyeye gelale bikeyn:

Aya hîç belgeyek bû em bangeşeye ke têgeyeştinî manayî deqêk bestrawetewe be têgeyştinî manayî komalêk deqî tir legorê da heye ya ew bangeşeye wekû aksyomêk bebê belgebo hênanewe depejrê?

Ême bo wilamdanewe be her dû pirsyarî serewe destewdawênî felsefeyî Karl Popêr fîlsûfî nawbedereweyî hawçerx debîn û hewl dedeyn tiyorî nêwandeqêtî be şêweyekî nuwê le ber tîşkî hizrxuwazî rexnegirane[8] bixwênînewe. Hizrxuwazî rexnegirane nawêke ke le ser sîstimî têfkirînî Popêr û hawbîrekanî dandrawe.

Cîhanî 3’yî Popêr, willamî pirsyarî yekem.

Ruwanînî bûnnasanî Popêr le xo girî dahênanêkî ewtoye ke be sanayî, zor girêçûçkî pîştir nekraweyî tiyorî yekalla dekatuwe û perde le ser zor rastî şardirawe heldedatewe. Le riwangî hizirxuwazî rexnegranewe sê cîhanî serbexo bûnyan heye ke be şêweyekî taybet pêkewe xerîkî danûstan û karlêk kirdinî. Em cîhanane birêtînle:

Cîhanî 1: Cîhanî hemû ew şite fîzîkîyaneyî wek dar û berd û qelem û kampyotêr û cesteyî mirov û şitî lemdeste.

Cîhanî 2: Cîhanî ew pirosaneyî le naw zeynî mirovêkî diyarî kiraw da rû deden, wate ew pirosaneyî zeynîn.

Cîhanî 3: Cîhanî hemû ew berheme fîkrî û hunerîyaneyî mirov deyanxuwaqênê.

Bo rûnkirdneweyî ew dabeşkirdneyî serewe detuwanîn kelk le nimûneyêk wergirîn: Kitêbî Hamletî Shakespeare le ber çaw bigirin. Bergî ew kitêbe û perekanî ser be cîhanî yekemin. Katêk Shakespeare nûserî ew ber heme bîrî le layene xorawxorekanî ew ber heme kirduwetewe, ew bîrkirdneweye le naw cîhanî dû da rûyî dawe. Nawerokî şanonameyî Hamlêt û komeleyî ew lêkdanewe û ravanayî lebereyî em şanonameyewe derbirdirawin û nûsrawn û qiseyan lê kirawe, beşêk le cîhanî sên.

Detuwanîn basî zor nimûneyî cudawazî tir bikeyn bellam leme ziyadtir la lem layene nakeynewe. Babetî girîng le bareyî ew polînkirdne eweye ke cîhanî 3 wek cîhanî yekem ‘eynî10 û waqî’î ye. Eger çi ‘eynîyet û waqî’îyetî ew bûnmendaneyî (11) le naw cîhanî 3 dan legel ‘eynîyetî şitumekî naw cîhanî1 nextêk cudawzawe. Belam eger sernic bideyne ew rastîye ke le ruwangî hizirxuwanî rexnegiranewe pêwaneyî waqî’î bûn birêtî ye le tuwanistî şuwêndanan û pêwaneyî êynî bûnîş birêtî ye le tuwanstî bas helgirbûnî nêwanzenyî û herweha rexnehelgir bûnî bo çûn ya tiyorî ya deqêk. Eger lem delaqeyewe birwanîye basekewe debînin bûnewerekanî ser be cîhanî 3 waqî’în çûnke mêjû şahîdî eweye zor tiyorî wek marksîzm tuwanyuyane cîhanî 1 jêrujûr bikan. Belgeyî waqî’î bûn lewe berçawtir nabê çi şitêk leweyî bituwanê gorankarîyekî qûl –ya tenanet sûk– le cîhanêkî heraw ya wirda wedî bihênê waqî’îtire? Lebareyî ‘eynî bûnîşewe detuwanîn bilêyn her le gotlob firêge be duwawe ew bûçûne le felsefeyî şîkarane da selmawe ke resteyek/boçûnêk/tiyorîyek/deqêk xawenî nawerokêkî ‘eynî ye, nawerokêkî ewto ke degrê derbirdirê û fam bikrî û qiseyî le ser bikrê û rexneyî lê bigîrê. Bûnî em xesletane besr bo eweyî behoyanewe ‘eynî bûnî tiştî xawen xesletekeyan bê biselmêndirê. Cîhanî 3 be nawbijîwanî cîhanî 2 û le rêgayî em cîhanewe kar dekate ser cîhanî yek. Wate zeynî mirov boçûnêk fam dekaw duwatir be kirdewedekarî deka.

Êsta detuwanîn bo mebestî xoman kelkî pêwîst lem tiyorîye werbgirîn ew cîhanî koyî manayî deqe mawecûdekan wekû rûbarêkî rewan le xoyî degrê, ew cîhanî ke Popêr nawî cîhanî 3’yî le ser dadenê, cîhanêkî nedyu û nafîzîkî belam ‘eynî û mewcûd û şuwêndaner û bashelgirr. Êsta detuwanin le manayî destewajeyî “rayeleyêk le pêwendîye nawdeqîyekan” begeyn û bizanîn ew ralêleye lebarî ontolojîkewe ser be çi cîhanêke. Êsta bem rastîye dezanîn ke ew rayeleye, xawenî bûnêkî girîmaneyî û xuwazeyî nîye bigre beşêweyêkî ‘eynî û rasteqîne bûnî heye. Raste em rayelkeye şitêkî negor û sext û çeqbestû nîye, belam ‘eynî û waqî’îye. Negor nîye belam negûrawîş nîye. Em rayeleye rewane û goranî beser dadê. Belam le bîrman neçê le ruwangeyî hizirxuwazî rexnegiranewe her em cîhanî fîzîkîyeş ke ême pêman sext û zor can rewestaw û negore, cîhanêkî herdembigor û hemîşerewane.

Birwa hemûn be ‘eynî bûnî cîhanî manayî deqekan ke beşêke le cîhanî 3, wêrayî be bigor û rewan zanînî ew cîhane, ber xodanêkî tiyorîkîşe le ber enber naw le awerro der kirdinî post modernekan ke be biyanûyî bigor bûn û nayekcarekî bûnî manayî deq her çeşne hewlêkî rewştnasaneyî rexnegirane be kirdeyekî bêbnema dezanin û cudawazîyek le nêwan xuwêndneweyî rêsadar û xuwêndneweyî legotireyî bê binaxe dananên.

Bestir eneweyî manayî deq be komalêk deq dewrupiştî. Willamî pirsyarî duwem

Qutabxane rexneyaneyî tiyorî nêwandeqêtî behênd degrin, bestiraweneyî manayî deq be deqî deyke weku aksyomêk qibûl deken. Katêk le naw sîstimêkî fîgirî da guzareyek weku akisyom qibûl dekrê, rastbûnî ew guzareye be bê belge deselmêndirê û hewll dedrê leser binaxeyî ew guzare bineretiye, guzare û tiyorîyekanî tir, be belge û be hengaweyî mentîqî îsbat bikrên. Wate aksyomekan îsbat nakrêt û beşêweyî belgenewîst wek deqîrên belam guzarekanî tir be şêweyî helhêncanî mentîqî[9] le aksyomekanî werdegîrên. Kewate eger tiyorî nêwandeqêtî û bestraweneyî manayî deq be komelêk deqî tir, le naw sîtimêkî tiyorîkî rexneyî be eksyom bizanîn, nabê çawenorî ewebîn belam bo bihêndrêtewe û be şêweyî mentîqî le hêndêk aksyomî dîke helhêncirê. Çûnke her le bineret da guzareyî bineretîtir le xoyî bûnî nîye heta ew helhêncane mentîqîye her bigrê.

Endîşeyî Popêr bo carêkî tir dergayî basêkî taze û bekelkiman bo dexate ser pişt. Be pişt bestin be hêndêk le boçûnekanî ew bîrmende wirdbîne detuwanîn belgeyekî pitew bo tiyorî nêwandeqêtî diyarî bikeyn. Bo formûlekirdinî ew belgeye hênanî pêşekîyek pêwîste. Bo her guzareyek detuwanîn dû çore nawaxin diyarî bikeyn: Nawaxinî mentîqî û nawaxinîxeberî ya hewalderane. Pênaseyî em destewazane be şêweyî xuwaweye:

Nawaxnî mentîqî guzareyî elf: Birêtîye le koyî ew guzaraneyî wekû netîce be şîweyî mentîqî le guzareyî elfewe heldehêncirên.

Nawaxnî xeberî (hewalderane)yî guzareyî elf: Birêtîye le koyî ew guzaraneyî legel guzareyî elf nateban. Guzareyek ke legel hîç guzareyekî tir natebanebê, hîç nawaxnêkî xeberîşî nîye. Wate guzareyek her çî ber helsitkartir bê hewalderanetire.

Le nêwan ew dû komayane da[10] pêwendîyekî diyarî kiraw heye. Pêwendîyeke bem şêweyeye ke bo her guzareyek le naw ew gumayane da guzareyekî dijwar15 le naw komakeyîtir da bûnî heye.16[11] Cige leme her dû komabêkotayîn û radeyî endamekanyan sinûrdar nîye. Em guteyî duwayê akamî zor girîngî lê dekewêtewe. Katêk delêyin nawaxnîn mentîqî û xeberî tiyorîyek yan endêşeyek yan deqêk bê kotayîye em guteye bem manayeye ke her gîz kes natuwanê bangeşeyî ewe bikatewaweyî manayî ew tiyorî ya endîşe ya deqeyî helhêncawe û duwayîn qiseyî le ser kirduwe û cêgayî qiseyî dîkeyî bo kesî tir nehêştuwetewe. Kewate katêk delêyin têgeyiştinî tewawî endîşeyek/ deqêk mumkin nîye detuwanîn wekû rêgaçareyek bem encame bikeyn ke rêgayek bo têgeyştinî gucawî ew endîşeye/ew deqe birêtîye le têgeyştinî pêwendî ew endîşeye/ ew deqe legel komeleyî ew endîşe/deqaneyî berdest ke pêwendîyan legel endîşe/ deqî mebestî ême heye. Lêredaye ke belgekeman bo tiyorî nêwandeqêtî degorê. Kurteyî belgeke bem şêweyeye: (belgege bo deq diyarî dekeyn, belam detuwanîn cêgayî wişeyî deq legel wişekanî endêşe û tiyorî û boçûn û guzare, bigorînewe)

– Têgeyiştinî tewawî manayî deqêk bestrawetewe be têgeyştinî nawaxnî mentîqî ewn deqe.

– Nawaxnî mentîqî deq bêkotayîye

– Kewate têgeyiştinî tewawî ew deqe dest nada û eweyî dest deda birêtîye le têgeyiştinî pêwendî ew deqe legel ew deqe pêwendîdaraneyî pêştir û êsta le cîranetî deqî gorîn da hebûne.

Ew boçûne, xoyî encamî zor direwşaweyî lê dekewêtewe. Le ber tîşkî em boçûne detuwanîn bilêyn êsta beşêk le deqî Çehov le deqî Dostoyevskî da debînînewe û beşîk le Çehov û Dostoyevski le Hemingway da dedozînewe. Detuwanîn bilêyn Mewlewî ber le Nalî delaletî xoyî hebû û duwayî Nalî çû xirafyayî dalekanî mewleweyî welatêkî dîkeyan dagîr kird. Goran xoyî Mewlewî û Nalîyêkî dîkeyî xuwalqandewe. Eger ew guteye rast bê ke xuwêndneweyî Hacî Qadirî Koyî be hoyî Mes’ûd Mihemmedewe beşêk le Mewlewî ye, çi lemperêk rêman lê degirê bilên lewaneye bo nimûne şê’irî şaî’rêkî wek Seydî Hewramî rojîk le rojan be hoyî xuwêndneweyî xanme edîbêkî Diyarbekirî ke hêşta le dayik nebuwe û temenî hîç kaman ewende birr naka biga be katî le dayik bûnî, beşêkî winbûnî xoyî bidozêtewew qonaxêk le geşeyî hetahetayî xoyî têper bika?

Popêr le şêwenêk da delê tiyorîyî rakêşanî[12] Eynştayn legel tiyorî rakîşanî Newton, dijwaze. Ewe be manayî eweye eger naweyî ew dû tiyorîyane binêyn N û E, detuwanîn bilêyn E beşêk le nawaxnî xeberî N’e herweha na E neşêk le nawaxnî mentîqî N’e. Wate dekra pêşewaneyî tiyorî Eynştayn ya pêçewakeneyî wek beşîk ya encamêk le tiyorî pêşniyar kirawî xoyî pêşbînî bika.[13] Her bem pêye detuwanîn tiyorîyekeyî Harolid Blom beşêweyekî nuwê lêk bideynewe. Bloom delê şaî’rî lew hemîşe dilerawkeyî eweyane bibine sêber û derêjeyî şaî’ranî gewreyî pêş xoyan, le layekewe natuwanin haşa le ber hemî pêş xoyan biken û le layekî tirewe nayanheweyê ew berhemane dûpaş bikenewe. Kewate stratêjîyekî nuyê hildebijêrin: Berhemî pêşû dexwênewe û werîdegirn belam bayî deden14. Bloom delê her deqêkî tazeyî ser kewtû le encamî xirabxuwêndneweyî dahêneraneyî berhemî pêşû degûrê. Ewe akamî kêşeyekî odîpî le nêwan şaî’ranî law û şaî’ranî besaldaçûwe. Eger berhemêk pêşûbe T bihênîn, badrawî ew berheme ya ew hemeyî le encamî xirap xuwêndneweyî dahêneraneyî em berheme pêk dê birêtîye le na T kewate her berhemêk ber hemî dahêneraneyî duwayî xoyî le henawî xoy da hilgirtuwe û çawerêye nûserêk dahêner ew berheme tazeye bidozêtewe û be dahênanî xoyî rohî rojêk le rojan Nalî bîrî lewe kirbêtewe roleyekî lasarî wek goranî nawa hewdayî şêi’rekanî lê badeda û eger kesanêk natuwanin bo gutnî şê’irî nask pêşbirkê legel da biken xo detuwanin her hewdayî şêi’rî xoyî huner mendalenê bebden.

Şê’irî xelqî keyî degate şê’irî min naskî
Kuwale deyqet da pesk de’wa lehell hew da deka?

Encam

Ême lem û tare da Bakhtinman le sîleyî çawî Popêrwe xuwêndewe, wate êsta endêşeyî Bakhtîn be wilatî hizrî Popêr da têdeperê û Bakhtîn baxêkî bizrî xoyî le Popêr da dedojîtewe, her wek çûn beşêk winbûyî dîkeyî xoyî le Kristeva da dîtewe. Belam ewe kotayî nîye. Tewnî têfkirînî Bakhtîn û Popêr û Kristeva her dê û dexnderê û her û ê û deçindirê û temenî ême beser deçê û ne dezanîn tewneke axirî çî lê dê û ne hemû tewnkan denasîn. Belam eweyî şikman lê nêye eweye: êsta êmeşe beşîkîn le tewneke.

[1] Intertextuality

[2] Structuralist

[3] Self-sufficient

[4] net

[5] Challenge: girfinin çaliş be: girtintillmehe le / girtin tillmehe de

[6] 5-6 sese, 1380 merkez, neşer Tahran, yezdançû, piyam yeterecme bînamtenît, geraham, alen,

[7] Factor, molfe: risazde

[8] critical rationalism

[9] 13 Logical inference meneteqî estintac

[10] 14 Set mecu’e 15 Contradict metaneqed 16 Neşr Tehran, aqilî, siyamekî terceme xudnuşt, fikrî yenamezindegî baqî, çinanhim wecuyîcest rebmund, karel puper 93-4 sese, 1380 giftar.

[11] 16 Neşr Tehran, aqilî, siyamekî terceme xudnuşt, fikrî yenamezindegî baqî, çinanhim we- cuyîcest rebmund, karel puper 93-4 sese, 1380 giftar.

[12] Gravity theory

[13] Neşr Tehran, ‘aqilî siyamek yeterceme xudnuşt, fikrî yenameznedkî baqî, çenanehem uceyceset rebmund, Karl Pûpir. 14 Sei 1380 gefetar,

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