Sadatê Nehrî an Geylanîzadeyên Kurdistana Navendî

Sadatê Nehrî an Geylanîzadeyên Kurdistana Navendî*

MARTIN VAN BRUINESSEN – JI ÎNG.: YUSIV HEMED

Malbateke aliman, ku îddîa dikin koka wan digihê Evdilqadir Geylanî, dawîya sedsala 19emîn û serê sedsala 20emîn de roleke polîtîk û sereke lîst di dîroka Kurdistana navendî de. Wek Sadatê Nehrî hatin nasîn, li ser navê gundê Nehrî yê li herêma Şemdînanê ku lê bi cî bûbûn. Şêx Ubeydullahê Nehrî serkêşîya tevgera 1880yê kir ku wek yekem serhildana neteweyî ya Kurdan tê zanîn. Law û nevîyên wî jî rolên mezin lîstin di tevgera Kurdan de ku bi vê re, rewşa xwe ya aborî û polîtîk zexm kirin.

Em piranîya agahîyên xwe yên ser dîrok û şecereya vê malbatê dispêrin Basile Nikitine ku di salên 1915-1918an de li Ûrmîyeyê konsûlê Rûsî bû û li wir melayekî zana yê bi navê Seîd Qazî nas kir di nav penaberên şer ên Tirkîyê de ku ev mela ji Nehrîyê bû. Mela Seîd bû mamosteyê Nikitine û bi daxwaza wî çend deq nivîsîn li ser jîyana civakî û olî ya Kurdistana navendî ku dû re Nikitine wergera wan weşand (Nikitine û Soane 1923; Nikitine 1925a, 1925b). Helbet ne seyr e ku Sadatê Nehrî di navenda van gotinan de be lew Mela Seîd di dema Mihemed Sidîqê Ubeydullah de li Nehrîyê mamosteyekî oldar bû.

Binyad

Sadatê Nehrî îddîa dikin, koka wan digihê Evdilezîzê Evdilqadir ku li gor tradîsyona malbatî li Akreyê (bakur rojhilatê Mûsilê) bi cî bûbû û li wir fikrên bavê xwe belav dikirin. Ew jî li Akreyê hat veşartin ku li gor Mela Seîd tirba wî di serê sedsala 20emîn de bûbû zîyaretgeh. Ebûbekirê kurê Evdilezîz li bakurtir bi cî bû ku li Şemdînanê herêmeke çîyayî ya Herkîyan e ev der. Piştî sê an çar nifşan, nevîyê wî Mela Hecî li gundekî din î Şemdînanê ji nû ve bi cî bû ku li tenişta eşîra Xumaru ye ev der. Dîsa piştî çend nifşan, serokeşirê Mela Salih çû gundê Nehrîyê bi kurên xwe Evdillah û Ehmed re. Malbatê angaşt dikir, ew bênavber fikra Qadirî belav dikin ji zemanê Evdilezîz ve. Lê ev çûna bo Nehrîyê kir ku şecereya malbatî bizivîre ser Neqşibendî-Xalidîtîyê.1 Seyîd Evdillah (her wiha li gor hin çavkanîyan, birê wî Seyîd Ehmed) bû xelîfeyekî gewre yê Neqşîbendî-Mewlana Xalid ku ew pêşî ketibû nav Qadirîyan bi destê Seyîd Evdillah. Piştî mirina Evdillah, Seyîd Tahayê birazîyê wî cihê wî girt ku wî jî ji Mewlana Xalid îcaze girtibû.

Hin şaxên din î Qadirîye koka xwe digihînin Evdilezîz (m. 602/1205-6) lê bi her awayî dîroka vê pêwendîyê baş nayê bibelgekirin ku bo destpêka Qadirîye rewş bi giştî wiha ye. Jilalayên Bakur Efrikayî – peyrewên Evdilqadir in – xwe bi malbeteke pîroz bi navê Fez-Şurafa Jilala ve girê didin ku angaşt dikin di ser Evdilezîz û birayê wî Brahîm re koka wan digihê Evdilqadir. Şaxekî Qadirîye jî, niha li Endonezyayê serwer e, şecereya xwe dibe hetanî Evdilezîz û cîgirekî wî yê bi navê Muhammad al-Hattâk.2

Di çavkanîyên erebî yên pêşî de (tarîxa wan diçe heta sedsalekê wêdetir piştî mirina wî) li ser Evdilezîz referans hene, ku ji vir dîyar e wî fikrên bavê xwe meşandine -xwezaya wan fikran çawa be jî. Al-Wasiti (m. 744/1343) piştrast dike ku Evdirezaq û Evdilezîz tekane kur bûn ku bi dû karên dinyewî neketin (Trimingham 1971: 42). Margoliouth dibêje -ne dîyar e xwe dispêre kîjan çavkanîyê- Evdilezîz li gundê Jîyalê yê ser Şingalê (rojavayê Mûsilê) mirîye, ne li Akreyê (Margoliouth 1974: 382).

Tabloya jêr binyada navendî ya malbatê nîşan dide ku endamên herî sereke di nav vê xetê de ne.3 Min ti referans pêde nekirin li ser Sadatê Nehrî ku biçe berîya guhorîna wan a ser Neqşîbenditîyê. Di nîvê sedsala 19emîn de ew derdikevin pêş, ji ber guhorînên di hevsengîya hêza heremî de û her wiha ji ber hebûna mîsyoneran ku ji bo wan bi rastî divabû hesabê Neqşibendîyan, wek desthilatdarên Misilman ên sereke, were kirin û lewma jî bi berdewamî li ser wan rapor amade dikirin.

Di Împaratorîya Osmanîyan de guhertinên rêveberî ku bi destê Mehmûdê II’em (1808-1839) û Abdulmecîdî hatibûn kirin, dawî li xweserîya mîrektîyên Kurd anî ku bi salan parçeyên asê yên Kurdistanê bi rê ve biribûn. Mîrektîya Şembuyê ya Hekarya (rêvebirê wê yê dawî, Nurulah Beg, ji peywirê hat girtin û sirgûnî Gîrîtê kirin) û Mîrektîya Abbasî Begzade ya Şemdînanê li ber lingê vê sîyasetê çûn. Wek ku li cihên din ên Kurdistanê jî bi vî awayî çêbûbû, rayedarên tayînkirî ne meşrûîyeta wan hebû ne jî fehmdarîya wan hebû li ser rewşa niştecihan ku bikaribin şûna rêvebirên “feodal’’ ên qewirandî bigrin, û vê jî kir ku rêberên olî roleke polîtîk bigrin ser xwe.4 Lewma li Kurdistana navendî desthilatîya herêmeke fireh di pratîkê de ket destê Şêx Seyîd Taha ku bi rastî di dema salên dawî yên Nurullah Beg de wek navbeynkarekî kar kir di navbera wî û rêvebirên Osmanî de.5

Şêx Seyîd Taha gelek serwext bû li ser kawdanên jeopolîtîk ên herêmê û bi taybetî hişê xwe dabû him ser belavbûna bêrawest a Rûsyayê ku berew başûr e û him serdestîya hêzên emperyalîst ên sereke (Brîtanya, Rûsya û Fransa) ya li ser İmperatorîya Osmanî. Di şerê Kirimê de (1854-56) li ser navê şerîetê li hember Rûsan şer kir.6 Her wiha bi egîdê berxwedana dij-Rûsî ya Daxistanê re, Şêx Şamîl (m.1871), dide û distîne û kifş e şervanên Kurd şandine Daxistanê da li nav bizava berxwedanê cî bigrin.7

Şêx Ubeydullah

Şêx Ubeydullah di rêça bavê xwe de çû, û şerê Rûs û Osmanîyan (1877-78) bû wexta Osmanîyan ew wek fermandarê hêzên eşirî yên Kurd tayîn kir û vê yekê jî pêkan kir Şêx têkeve nav tevgerên polîtîk. Piştî şer hema bi salekê li dijî rêveberîya parêzgehî ya Osmanîyan serî hilda ku ev nîşaneya karîna wî ya desthilatîyeke xurt bû li Kurdistana navendî û di 1880ê de hêzên eşirî yên Kurdên girêdayî Şêx in, girtin ser derên nêzîk ên li Îranê ku bikarin rêveberîya naxoş a Îranî bi rêveberîya Şêx Ubeydullah re biguherin. Sedemin hene ku mirov vê wek yekem serhildana Kurd a xwedî rehendeke neteweperwer qebûl bike. Şêx di danûstandinên xwe yên bi bîyanîyan re, qala Kurdan wek milletekî cuda dikir –bi taybetî Kurd ji Ermenan cuda dikir ku Rûsan pişta neteweperwerîya wan digirt– û gazind dikir ji rêveberîyên xe rab ên Faris û Osmanîyan. Rayedarên Osmanî, mîsyoner û konsûlên bîyanî bawer dikirin Şêx bi nîyet e mîrektîyeke Kurd a serbixwe ava bike.

Di şerê Rûs û Osmanîyan de rola Şêx a leşkerî pozîsyona wî (û fehma wî ya ser xwe jî) misoger kir ku wek rêzdartirîn rêberê Kurdan were qebûlkirin. Piranîya çekên dema wî şerî de li eşiran belav kiribûn li Kurdistanê man ku vê yekê dû re Şêx bihêztir kir. Sedema sereke ku Şêx kir yekî dijber bi ixtimal ew bû ku Şêx difikirî Ermenên Wanê bi piştgirîya navneteweyî amadekarîya avakirina welatekî serbixwe dikin û Nestûrîyên herêma wî jî parastina Brîtanî dixwazin.8 Sedemeke din ku wî bi xwe tim dubare dikir, zordarî û birêvebirina çewt a rêveberîya herêmî bû û biserneketina wan a li hember şêlandina eşirên Kurd ên mezin î koçer bi navê Herkî û Şikak. Di 1879î de ji ber alozîyeke bi parêzgeha Geverê re, li hember rêveberîya herêmî ya Osmanîyan serî hilda. Tevî dij-êrîşeke Kurdan a li ser gurdana (battalion) Osmanîyan, ku hatibûn nîzamê ji nû ve ava bikin, pirsgirêk bi xweşî çareser bû; rayedarê şepirze qewirandin û Şêx medalya û mûçeyek girt ji ber xizmetên xwe yên di şerê bihûrî de.

Ligel dijberîya Şêx a li hember daxwazên Ermenan, balkêş e têkilîya wî ya bi nêzîktirîn cîranên wî yên Xiristîyan re -Nestûrî- baş bû di dema serhildana 1880ê de; Nestûrî ya rast, bê ka bi çi sedemê bû, pişta Şêx girtin. Her wiha têkilîya xwe bi mîsyonerên bîyanî re danî ku wan ji fikrên Şêx sûd werdigirtin. Di dema serdegirtina Îranê de birazîyê wî (xelîfe) ji konsul-generalê Brîtanî û mîsyonerên Emerikî yên Ûrmîyeyê re got hedefên Ubeydullah ew in ku pêşîya rêgirîyê bigre, nîzama navbera sînorên Tirkîye û Îranê ji nû ve saz bike, Xiristîyan û Misilmanan wek hev bi cî bike, perwerdehîyê pêş bixe û bihêle dêr û dibistan bên avakirin, û wî bo vê projeyê pişt- girîya manewî xwest ji Ewropîyan (Jwaideh 1960: 239).

Lewma jî raperîn nebû sedem ku Kurd wek dijberên Xiristîyanên niştecih û komên din ên etnîkan xuya bikin. Leşkerên Şêx ên di nav sê artêşan de rêxistinkirî û ji alîyê du zarên Şêx -bi navê Mihemed Siddiq û Evdilqadir- û birazîyê wî Mihemed Seîd ve serkarîkirî, piranî ji eşirên herêmê bûn ku ev nîşaneya desthilatîya Şêx bû ku karîbû heq ji rikberî û cîyawazîyên eşirî derketa.9 Lê sedema dîyarkirî ku li Îranê girtin ser hin deran ew bû ku bikarin eşîra mezin a Kurd bi navê Şikakîyan têxin bin kontrola xwe lew evê eşîrê gundîyên Kurd, Azerî û Nestûrî yên mêrgên Ûrmîyeyê talan dikirin. Her wisa, zilamên Şêx jî piçekî ketin nav talankirinê, lê ew ji alîyê niştecihên Kurd ên bajarên herêmê ve hatin qebûlkirin, hin eşîrên Kurd tevlî wan bûn û kirin ku rayedarên Îranî tev birevin.

Tevgerê xisleteke dij-Şiî girt ser xwe piştî ku niştecihên Azerî (Şiî) yên bajarê Mîyanduabê li dij wê derketin û şandeyên Kurd kuştin ku ew şande hatibûn wir hin xwarîşan (supply) pêde bikin bo leşkerên Şêx. Li Sawuj Bulaqê (Mahabad) fetwayeke belavkirî ji alîyê mollayê mezin ve, ku qaşo banga cîhadê dikir li dij Şiîyan, dikaribû roleke grîng bilîze.10 Êriş birin ser Mîyanduabê û bi çend hezaran niştecih hatin qetilkirin. Leşkerên Kurd ên vê ênîyê di bin serkêşîya Şêx Evdilqadir de ketin nav herêma Azerî û hetanî Maraghayê pesar (countryside) talan kirin.

Leşkerên Faris jî di têkbirina serhildanê de bi qasî Kurdan xwîn rijand, belkî ji wan bêhtir jî. Artêşê kî ket ber ew kuştin, ne tenê Kurd lêbelê Nestûrîyên deşta Ûrmîyeyê jî. Hetanî wî çaxî, hêzên eşirî yên mayî -ku girêdayî Şêx in- belav bûn û vegerîyan mala xwe yên li alîyê din î sînor. Şêx û kurê xwe jî vegerîyan Şemdînanê. Hem helwesta Şêx a li hember hikûmeta Osmanî hem a Osmanîyan a li hember wî dilxuşûş (ambivalent) bû di dema vê serhildanê de. Şêx girêdana xwe ya bi Siltên re tim eşkere dikir (helbet Siltan jî ew wek xelîfe qebûl dikir) lê hin rayedarên Osmanî, her wiha hin mîsyoneran jî, bawer dikir Şêx hewl dide ji Stenbolê veqete. Hikûmet pir bêdeng bû jê re û çavdêrinan bawer dikir hikûmet bi mitîkî (tacitly) piştgirîyê dide têhilana (mobilization) wî ya bo Kurdan ku ew (Kurd) wek starekê bin li hember talûkeya neteweperwerîya Ermenan.11

Piştî têkçûna serhildanê bangî Şêx kirin were Stenbolê, lê di rê de xweş-helwesta ji bo vî egîdî destnîşan dikir ku miameleya li hemberî wî ne wek a bo serhildêrekî ji rêzê be. Piştî li Stenbolê rûniştina mecbûrî ya bi salekê, rêyek dît û vegerîya Şemdînanê. Di bin zexta bîyanîyan de, rayedaran dîsa ew girt û vê derbê ew sirgûnî Mekeyê kir ku di 12.1883ê de li wir mir.12

Şêx Mihemed Sidîq (m. 1911)

Hiştin ku Mihemed Sidîqê lawê Ubeydullah î mezin dîsa vegere Nehrîyê û pozîsyona bavê xwe bigire wek grîngtirîn kesê Kurdistana navendî – pozîsyoneke ku tim li hember dijberên Şêx û serokeşîran diparast. Dickson (1910) li gor nêrîna gerokekî qala van rikberîyan dike, lê heta niha çavkanîya herî balkêş li ser kirinên xerab ên Mihemed Sidîq çîroka serkarê wî yê berê Mela Seîd e ku ev ji bo Nikitine nivîsandîye (Nikitine û Soane 1923). Ev vegotineke kêmpeyda ye li ser rikberîya ku di navbera serokeşîrên Suto û Tato de ye ku Şêx bo şexsê xwe bi kar dianî da mal û milkê her duyan bi dest bixe.

Mîsyonerê bi navê W.A. Wigram meseleyeke balkêş vedibêje li ser danûstandina xwe ya tîcarî û têkilîya xwe ya bi rayedarên Osmanî re: “Şêx Mihemed Sidîq, ku ji bavê xwe mizawirtir (shrewd) bû, xoşhal bû ji rastîya hêzî û bû dewlemend bi qaçaxîya titûnê ku bi rêjeyeke bilind kar dikir. Karwanên wî piranî bi 100 hêstiran diçû nav Îranê bi dilêrîyeke eşkere li dijî rayedarên ‘Regie’yê; ji van dahatan behreke mezin bo tifingan xerc dikir ku ji Rûsyayê dibirin Ûrmîyeyê bi rîya qaçaxîyê.’’13 Şêx birek ji pereyên xwe li bankeke Brîtanî razand (ku ji Wigram xwestibû ku bankê ji bo wî hilbijêre); reng e ew yekem serokeşîrê Kurd be ku pere li derveyî welêt razandîye. Qeymeqam û rexdarê dewletê li padîganan (quarters) diman ku ji alîyê şêx ve hatibûn dabînkirin û bi vê rêyê Şêx dikir ku wan nexe nav karûbarên xwe.14

Seyîd Evdilqadir (m. 1925)

Evdilqadirê birayê Mihemed Sidiqî yê biçûk, ku bi bavê xwe re sirgûn bûbû, li Mekkeyê ma heta derbeya Tirkên Ciwan (the Young Turk) kir ew vegere û li Stenbolê bi cî bibe. Bi xêra navûdengê malbata xwe hem di nav sergewerên Kurd hem jî di nav proleterên Kurd (hemal) de bû yekî rêzdar. Ew tayînî Şûraya Dewletê kirin (Council of State) ku piştre bû serokê wir jî. Her wiha ew kirin rêvebir, an yek ji rêvebirên yekem komeleya Kurd bi navê Komeleya Piştevanî û Pêşvebirinê ya Kurd (Kürt Teâvün ve Terakki Cemîyeti) ku di heman salê de li Stenbolê ava kiribûn. Ev komeleyeke temen-kurt bû, dema rejîma nû zivîrî zordarîtîyê belav bû, lê wek rêberekî manewî pozîsyona Seyîd Evdilqadir her wek xwe ma. Hema piştî mirina Mihemed Sidîqê birayê xwe ya di 1911ê de, ew vegerîya Nehrîyê da doza pêşewabûnê bike lê mecbûr ma serî li ber Tahayê II’em ê birazîyê xwe bitewîne, li hemberî wê jî ji wê rojê û pê de meblaxeke mezin bi demkî ji bo Stenbolê dihat șandin.

Piştî encama xerab a Yekem Şerê Cîhanê fikra mafê çarenûsê, ku ji alîyê serokê Emerikî Wilson ve hatibû ragihandin, dema di nav bijarteyên hin komên etnîk ên emparatorîyê de bi xurtî belav bû, em dîsa rastî Seyîd Evdilqadir tên di serokatîya komeleyeke Kurd de bi navê Komeleya Berzkirinê ya Kurd (Kürt Teâli Cemîyeti). Ev komele ji ya berîya xwe xurttir bû; gelek xebatên çandî û perwerdeyî meşandin. Li ser mafên Kurdan nêrînên endamên wê pirr ji hev cuda bûn. Hin ji wan pişta fikra dewleteke Kurd a serbixwe digirtin; Seyîd Evdilqadir pêşengîya komekê dikir ku fikra desantralîzasyonê diparast lê xwe dispart sedemên olî ku li hember fikra veqetîna ji emparatorîyê disekinî.15

Piştî serfirazîya dawîn a Kemalîstan berovajîya gelek endamên komên Kurd ên cudaker, Seyîd Evdilqadir nerevîya derveyî welêt, li Stenbolê ma. Lê ev biryar bû sedema kuştina wî û kurê wî. Piştî yekem serhildana mezin a Kurd, serhildana Şêx Seîd a 1925a, her du jî darve kirin tevî ku dîyar bû tevlî serhildanê nebûbûn. Bandora Seyîdan a li ser Kurdan bûbû bar li ser milê wî. Lawekî din bi navê Evdilah vegerîya Şemdînanê (ku serokê malbatê Seyîd Tahayê II’em nema li wir dima) bi piştgirîya eşîra Gerdîyê girt ser gundên navendî yên Nawçîya ku şeş rayedarên Tirkan kuştin. Lê hema piştî vê revîya ber bi başûr ve ku Brîtanîyan ew herêm kontrol dikir.16

Di sala 1926a de kêşeya sînor a di navbera Tirkîye û Iraqê de talî safî kirin; parêzgeha Mûsilê ya dema Osmanîyan di nav Iraqê de ma ji ber ku kêm zêde nêziktirî başûrê Kurdistanê bû. Herêma Şemdînanê di nav Tirkîyê de ma, lê herêmên ku pir nêzîkî hev bûn, Bradost û Barzan, bûn parçeyên Iraqê. Lewma Nehrî li ser sînorên sê dewletan ma ku li her parçeyekê Sadatê Nehrî bûn xwedî erdên mezin.17 Di salên pişt re, em endamên malbatê li Iraqê di nav tevgerên polîtîk de dibînin, her wiha li Tirkîye û Îranê jî.

Seyîd Tahayê IIem (m. 1939)

Seyîd Tahayê II’em, lawê Mihemed Sidîq ê herî mezin, behreya polîtîk ji kalikê xwe girtibû û dizanibû wê çawa berjewendîyên xwe yên kesaneyî bimeșîne û di heman demê de berjewendîyên Kurdan wekî netewekî jî temsîl bike. Hem berîya Yekem Şerê Cihanê hem di vî şerî de, wî gelek caran bi Rûsan re têkilî danî da ku bo dewleteke Kurdan piştgirîya wan bi dest bixe.18 Dîyar e li herêma Rûsan gelekî maye lew bi gotina peywirdarekî Britanî, ku piştre hevdu li Iraqê nas kiribûn, ligel Fransizî bi Rûsî jî baş diaxivî (Hay 1921:353).

Piştî şer, Kemalîstan, ku bi nîyet bûn Kurdistanê ji destê Brîtanîyan bigrin, pêwendî pê re danîn û di parlemena neteweyî de cihek pêşnîyazî wî kirin lê wî dêhna xwe dabû ser fikra serxwebûna Kurdan. Di 1919an de li Iraqê pêwendî li gel Brîtanîyan danî da ji bo projeyeke wiha piştgirîya wan bixwaze û hêzên xwe bi Simkoyê serokeşîrê Şikakîyan re kir yek ku ev çend sal bûn Simko herêmeke fireh li alîyê Îranê bi rê ve dibir bi dilêrîyeke eşkere li dijî hikûmeta navendî. Di Tebaxa 1922ya de piştî ku Simko li hember leşkerên Îranîyan têk çû, Seyîd Taha derbasî Iraqê bû û piştgirîya xwe pêşnîyazî Brîtanîyan kir li dijî Kemalîstan (ku li Rewandizê mewcûdîyeteke wan a leşkerî hebû û piştgirîya hin eşirên herêmê kişandibûn bi alîyê xwe ve). Brîtanîyan întîbayeke xweş jê girt û bi wan Seyîd Taha dosteke hêvîbexş xuya dikir li gor Şêx Mehmûd Berzencîyê Silêmanî ku bawerî pê nedihat. Lewma jî ew kirin qeymeqamê herêma Rewandizê. Piştî ku mandaya Brîtanî têk çû, ew û rayedarên Iraqî pev ketin û di 1932ê de dîsa derbasî Îranê bû. Şêx Riza bi zorê ew li Tehranê girt ku di 1939a de ji ber nexweşîyeke nepen li wir mir.19

Şêx Evdilah Efendî û Evdilezîzê Serheng (colonel)

Piştî raperîna xwe ya biçûk li Şemdînanê, Evdilahê kurê Seyîd Evdilqadir çû li Iraqê jîya û kurê xwe Evdilezîz şand koleja leşkerî ya Iraqê ku ji vê dîyar bû malbatê zehmetîyên polîtîk li wir nekişandine. Lê di 1941ê de bav derbasî Îranê bû û li herêma Mergewarê ya li başûr-rojavayê Ûrmîyeyê bi cî bû ku malbat li wir jî xwedî erdên pir mezin bû.20 Evdilezîz, ku bûbû serbazekî artêşa Iraqê, di 1945ê de bi hin serbazên Kurdnijad re tevdigerîya ên ku têkilîya wan bi derdorên Kurdên neteweperestwer re hebû.

Him Şêx Evdila him Şêx Evdilezîz di Komara Mehabada temen-kurt de (1946) roleke çalak girtibûn ser xwe ligel ku ne pêşeng bûn jî. Eşîrên herêmê, Şêx Evdilah wek rêberê xwe didîtin lê neteweperestên bajêr Qazî Mihemed hem wek berdevkê Partî Demokratî Kurdistan hem jî wek serokê komarê hilbijartin (Şêx Evdilah wek pro-Brîtanî dihat dîtin ku ne karîye dilê neteweperwerên ciwan ên Mehabadê xweş bike ne jî yê Rûsan ku di paşxaneyê de Rûs faktoreke domdar bûn). Peyrewên Şêx î çekkirî tenê komeke biçûk a komarê pêk dianîn.21 Vê jêdûrketinê pêkan kir Şêx Evdilah karîgerîya xwe bidomîne heya piștî ku komar li hember artêșa Îranî têk çû – berovajîya Qazî Mihemed ê darvekirî û Mela Mistefayê Barzanîyê serfermandar ê şer kir ta sirgûnî Yekîtîya Sovyetê bû. Hevdîtinên di navbera artêşa Îranî û endamên eşîrên Barzan ên li ber çûnê de ew wek navbeynkarekî xebitî.

Evdilezîz, ku talîya talî ji artêşa Iraqî firar kiribû, li Yekitîya Sovyetê tevlî Mela Mistefa û zilamên wî bû. Du salan li cihekî mecbûrî yê Sibiryayê ma û li febrîqeyekê wek karkerekî dişixulî. Piştî mirina Stalîn, dikaribû li Leningradê bixebite. Piştî derbeya Qasim a 1958a bi Barzanî re vegerîya Iraqê û dîsa nav tevgerên polîtîk ên neteweperwer de bi çalak cihê xwe girt. Wek endamekî bîroya polîtîk a Partî Demokratî Kurdistan wî, pişta Îbrahîm Ehmed û Celal Talabanî digirt li dijî Barzanî, li ser dijberîya ku kir tevger 1960an û vir ve jêkve bibe. Di 1964a de Barzanî ew kir hepsê û Şêx Evdilah hemû hêza xwe bi rayedarên Îranîyan re li ser Barzanî bi kar anî da Evdilezîz bê berdan. Piştî wê, li Ûrmîyeyê (Rezaye) û li gundê Mergewerê ma ku ev gund axir-cihê malbatê bû ku di destê wan de mabû.22

Li Tirkîyê Geylanî

Di nav sînorên Tirkîyê de endamên şaxeke cuda yên malbatê vê dawîyê di nav sîyaseta herêmî û neteweyî de derketin pêş. Naim Geylanî parêzerek bû li Hekarîyê û di sala 1980ya de bû endamê parlementoyê ji Partîya Wetenê (ANAP). Hamît Geylanî, pismamê wî yê parêzer, di nav partîyên polîtik ên nêz-Kurd ên sala 1990an de -wek HEP, DEP û HADEP- xurt bû; pêşî di komîteya herêma Şemdînanê de dûre jî di asta neteweyî de xebitî. Her du jî aidî şaxeke malbatê ne ku ji xeta navendî bi çar nifşan ser Mela Hecî re vediqetin, ku ew bavikê herî pêşî ye di tabloya jêrîn de hatîye nîşandan û lewma jî ew her du tenê ji dûr ve girêdayî wan şêxan in, şêxên ku malbat bi rê ve birine û malhebûn kontrol kirine.23

1 Nikitine 1925b: 156-7; 1956: 211-4

2 Cf. Van Bruinessen 1999. Bêhtirî navên vê silsileyê nikarin bên pêdandin(identify). Ev jî gumanên me yên li ser dîrokîtîya tekilîyên di sedsalên pêşî yên piştî jîyana Evdilqadir de xurt dike. Lê navên heft-heşt nifşên pêşî bi yên silsileya Qadirîye ya bi temamî serbixwe re eynî ye ku Burton di çûna xwe ya hecê de ev nav dane.

3 Tabloyeke hevşêwe heye di ya Nikitine ya 1925b: 156 de û dîsa di 1956: 213 de ku hin rexeşax (collateral branches) jî nîşan dide. Li tabloyên Bruinessen ên 1992: 321, 329-331 û Yalçin-Heckmann 1991: 296 jî binerin.

4 Ev kawdan di Bruinessen a 1992: 224-34 de hat dahûrandin.

5 Li Yalçin-Heckmann 1991: 57-61 binerin bo vegotineke li ser salên dawî yên Nurullahî ku bi berfirehî xwe dispêre belgeyên Osmanî yên ku Nazmi Sevgen weşandine.

6 Yalçin-Heckmann 1991: 63, piştî Yurt Ansiklopedisi.

7 Gammer 1994: 251. Şêx Şamîl û hin bizavkerên alim ên ji bakurê Kafkasyayê, wek Şêx Seyîd Taha, girêdayî Neqşîbendîye-Xalidîye bûn.

8 Xala 51emîn a Peymana Berlînê, ku piştî şerê Rûs û Osmanîyan di navbera hêzên Ewropî û Osmanîyan de hatibû danîn, li ser hikûmeta Osmanî ferz dikir da nûkirin û guhorînan, bêyî ku bêtir li paş xîne, bîne cî li parêzgehên ku Ermen lê niştecih in û li hember Kurd û Çerkezan ewlehya wan misoger bike (Jwaideh 1960: 282n). Hatina nûnerên leşkerî yên Britanî wek destwerdaneke rasterast hat dîtin ji alîyê gelek Kurdan ve. Ubeydullah di raporekê de ji efserekî Tirk re wiha gotîye di 1880ê de: “Ew tiştê ku min bihîstîye; Ermen wê xwedî welatekî serbixwe bin li Wanê û Nasturî jî wê ala Britanî bilind bikin û xwe bikin bindarên (subject) Brîtanîyan. Ez ê qet rê nedim bona vê, ku ez jinan jî biçek bikim (raporeke Claytonê nûner e, ji Jwaideh 1960: 2 33 wergirtî.)

9 Texmînên çavdêren hevdem ên li ser mezinbûna van hêzan (di Jwaideh 1960: 260-5 de bi baldarî hatine rêzkirin) ji hev gelkî dûr in. Herî zêde di neqeba 10,000 û 40,000 kesan de ye lê di dema seferê de ev hejmar diket hetanî 1,500î ji ber ku zilam vedigerîyan gundên xwe.

10 Tenya-çavkanîya ku qala vê fetwayê dike xuyaye Wilson 1895: 111 e. Sawuj Bulaqê bajarê Kurdan û Mîyanduabê Azerîyan du bajarên cîranên hev in ku zemanekî bi hev ketine û têkilîya paşxaneya fetwayê dibe ku bi sergirtina Şêx Ubeydallah re tunebe. Lê ew Şêx Evdilqadir bû, fermandarê hêzên Kurd ên êrîşker li Sawuj Bulaqê, ku biryar da wê êrişî Mîyanduabê bikin.

11 BivîawayîliTebrîzê, Abbottêkonsul-generalêBrîtanîûbixurttirKhrimianêpatrîkêErmenîyê berê di name û raporên Jwaideh 1960: 239-47 de wergirtî. Wan behsa ‘’Komeke Kurdan’’ dikir ku li ser daxwaza hikûmetê ji alîyê Şêx ve hatibû sazkirin. Konsul-generalê din î Brîtanî, Trotterê li Wanê, fikra pevçûna bi Osmanîyan re bi tundî red kir. Lê divê di bîra meriv de be ku li ser navê hikûmeta Osmanî tiştek nemabû. Rêveberî û artêş di nav gengeşeyan de bûn û Siltan tim û daîm ev kom li dijî hev û li dijî kesên rêzdar hevdisengand (balance) (li Duguid 1973 binere).

12 Ji alîyê peywendîya herêmî û navneteweyî ve baştirîn xebata li ser serhildana Ubeydullah a Jwaideh 1960: 212-89 e ku li vir pirranî min xwe spartin wan. Bo nêrîneke din, li Joseph 1961: 107-13 jî binerin.

13 Wigram & Wigram 1914: 163.

14 Ibid. Li gor agahîderên Erdostî, Şêx pirranîya perên xwe da bi erdan (Erdost 1971: 184-6).

15 Bo van komeleyên Kurdî, nêrînên wan ên jevcuda û bo rola Seyîd Evdilqadir li Bruinessen 1992: 275-9; Olson 1996[1991]: 136-9 binerin.

16 Erdost 1987: 49-61.

17 Listeya erdên Sadatê Nehrî bi hûrgilî lê nîvco tê dayîn ji alîyê Erdost ve, 1971: 181-5.

18 Eagleton (1963: 7) qala serdaneke bo Rûsyayê dike, ku di serê 1889ê de çêbûye, ligel du kesayetên Kurd ên sereke – Evdilrezaq Bedirxan û Cafer Axayê eşîra Şikakîyan. Lê ev divê şaş be; Seyîd Taha di 1892ê de an jî li dora wê salê ji dayik bû û Cafer Axa di 1905ê de hat kuştin, ku ev jî pêkveçûna wan a bo Rûsyayê nepêkan dike. Di dawîya sala 1917ê de Seyîd Taha nameyek şand ji Basîl Nikitineê konsulê Rûsî yê Ûrmîyeyê re ku tê de xwest bi leşkerên Rûsî re ser tevgereke hevpar a li dij artêşa Tirkan hevpeyvînekê bike (Nikitine 1956: 195).

19 BoSeyîdTahayêII’embinerin:Wigram&Wigram1914:165-7;Hay1921:352-4;Edmonds 1957: 305-8; Eagleton 1963: 7, 18; Erdost 1987: 44-8; Bruinessen 1992: 330-1; Yalçin-Heckmann 1991: 65-7.

20 Eagleton1963:18-20.JipuxteyavegotinaEagletonînedîyarebêkajiberderbeyaElîReşîd, ku 1941ê de li Iraqê çêbû, derbasî derve bûye an ji ber sedemên din.

21 Tevahîya hêzên komarê ji 2000 şervanên şareza yên eşîra Barzanîyan (ji cihên nêzîkî Iraqê) û ji 10.000 siwarên cengawer î eşîran pêk dihat. Ji nav ên dawîyê, tenê 200 peyrewên rastûrb (direct) ên malbata Şêx Evdillah Geylanî mabûn ku di bin fermandarîya Seyîd Fahîmek de bûn (Eagleton 1963: 91-2). Evdilezîz bi texmînî efserek bû di nav artêşa Mehabadê de (cf. Kahn 1980: 141, ku li vir bi şaşitî jê re dibêjin Evdila).

22 Kahn 1980: 140-6. Milkên malbatê hatin giştîkirin (expropriate) di sala 1960an de wexta ku Şah bo ax û waran guhorînan pêk anî. Lê Şêx Evdila gundekî bi tevahî ji nû ve bi dest xist.

23 Ji Lale Yalçin-Heckmann danûsatandina şexsî, ku xwe dispêre şecereyeke malbatê ya ji bo wê ji alîyê Hamît Geylanî ve hatîye kopîkirin. Kalikê Naîm û Hamîtî, Seyîd Îslam Geylanî, ji Muzaffer Erdost re gotîye ew li (hin) axa Şêx Mihemed Sidîqî de serkari (steward) kirîye, ku li mezinkirina titûnên kesibdar (profitable) vedinêrî û li dor ji sedî 8 ji dahatan distend (Erdost 1971: 183).

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