Dîroka Sîyasî ya Bajarê Heranê ya Serdema Dewleta Raşidî û dewleta Emewî di Navbera Salên 633-747a de

Dîroka Sîyasî ya Bajarê Heranê ya Serdema Dewleta Raşidî û dewleta Emewî di Navbera Salên 633-747a de

ŞEHLE BURHAN EBDULLAH / ARARAT AHMED ALÎ

JI SORANÎ: MEMÊ MALA HINE

Puxte: Ev lêkolîn behsa guhertinên herî grîng ên sîyasî yên wê serdemê ku li vî bajarî qewimîne û ev bajar çawa bûye pêgeheke serekî ya wan bûyer û guhertinên sîyasî yên wê serdemê, dike. Di destpêkê de behsa navê bajêr hatîye kirin ka çawa vî bajarî karîye wekî bajarekî serekî yê herêma Cezîreya Firat pêşkeve. Her wiha, wê behsa dîroka dagirkirina Heranê ya ji hêla hêzên Îslamî ve, rîwayetên li ser bajêr û fikra xelkê bajêr piştî girtina bajêr û beşdarîya xelkê di bûyerên sîyasî û leşkerî yên wê demê de bê kirin. Ji bilî van mijaran, dîroka bajêr a serdema Emewîyan dê were ronîkirin ku wê demê bajar dîyartir û bibandortir dibe. Lewre bajar ji hêla îdarî ve pêgeheke bihêz bi dest dixe û heta di guhertinên dîyar û serekî yên bûyerên dîrokî yên avakirina şaristanîyeta Îslamî de cî digre.

Destpêk

Bajarê Heranê yek ji bajarên kevn ên Cezîreya Firat e û piştî bajarê Reqeyê ji hêla mezinahîyê ve bajarê duyem e. Ev bajar, bajarekî pirolî ye û Sabîhî bingeha olî pêk tînin ku dîroka vê olê bi temamî ne dîyar e. Lêbelê ev bajar xwedî dîrokeke bimirês û xwedî şaristanîyet e. Grîngîya vî bajarî ji ber wê yekê jî xuya dibû ku roleke wî ya berçav di bûyerên sîyasî yên serdema Raşidî Emewî de û bingeheke grîng a îdarî û desthilatdarî ya Emewîyan bû. Her wiha di pêkanîna şaristanîyeta Îslamî de ev bajar bi awayekî serekî beşdar dibû.

Sedema grîngîdana nivîsandina li ser vê babetê ji wê yekê tê, digel ku karîgerîya Heranê bi awayekî rasterast li ser bûyerên sîyasî û leşkerî yên wê demê hebû û bingeha hikma walî û xelîfeyên serdema Emewîyan bû, di vê serdemê de ji hêla sîyasî ve grîngî bi bajarê Heranê nehatîye dayîn. Ji ber vê jî ev bajar wekî mijara lêkolînê hatîye hilbijartin da ku rola rasteqîn a vî bajarî dîyar bibe.

Lêkolîna min ji destpêk û sê beşan pêk tê. Di beşa yekem de behsa nav, îqlîm, cografya û pêkhateya bajêr dikim. Di beşa duyem de ez amaje bi bûyerên herî grîng ên dîrokî yên serdema Raşidîyan a bajêr dikim. Di beşa sêyem de jî, li ser pêgeha bajêr a di nav bûyerên sîyasî yên serdema Emewîyan de radiwestim.

Çavkanîyên herî grîng ên ku vê lêkolînê jê sûd wergirtîne kitêba bi navê Roz Alm’etar Fi Xeber Alaqetar ya Elhimêr e ku bi awayekî dûr û dirêj ji gelek alîyan ve behsa bajêr dike. Her wiha kitêba Rahle Îbn Cebir ya Îbn Cubeyr e ku nivîskarê vê berhemê gerok bûye û wisa dixuyê ku serdana bajêr kirîye ku bi cih û war û xelkê bajêr wesfê bajêr dide. Ji bilî van ev lêkolîn sûd ji kitêbên dîrokî yên wekî Tarîx Alamim Walmiluk ya Taberî û kitêba Alkamil Fî Altarîx a Îbn Esîr werdigire. Herdu kitêb li ser bajêr babeteke dîrokî pêşkêş dikin.

Destpêkek li ser bajarê Heranê
1. Nav, cografya û îqlîma bajarê Heranê

Bajarê Heranê yek ji wan bajarên herêma Cezîreya Firatê ye ku navenda Dîyar Mezir1 e û piştî Reqayê2 duyemîn bajarê mezin ê herêma Cezîreya Firatê ye. 3 Bajarê Heranê nêzikî çavkanîya çemê Bilêx e ku ev çem yek ji şaxên çemê Firatê ye4 û li ser rêya Şam û Cezîreya Firatê ye. Ango di navbera Mûsil û Helebê de ye.5

Navê Heranê di nivîsên bizmarî de wekî “Heranu” ango wekî rêya bazirganî6 derbas dibe. Romîyan jê re “Karhaya”7 gotîye. Hin mirovên ola Xristîyanî jê re “Hîlînos” gotîye.

Ev peyv tê maneya bajarê pûtperestîyê. Misilmanan jî jê re “Heran”8 gotîye. Her wiha hatîye gotin ku peyva “Heran” ji peyva “beharan” yan “heran” yan jî “harin” tê ku navê birayê pêxember Îbrahîm e û bajarê Heranê jî ava kirîye.9 Her wiha navê paşayê bajêr Aran bûye.10

Bajarê Heranê ku yek ji bajarên herî kevn ên Cezîreya Firatê ye, tê gotin ku bajarê yekem ê piştî tofana pêxember Nuh e û ji hêla birayê Îbrahîm pêxember Haran ve hatîye avakirin.11 Ev bajar dikeve ser merîdyena 65’an û paralela 36’an.12

Bajar li çolê hatîye avakirin û hewaya vî bajarî germ e, baran kêm dibare. Ji ber vê jî xelkê bajêr bêtir ji bo avdan û vexwarinê ava bîrê bi kar tînin.13 Di rastîyê de hebûna avê ji bo her cihekî dibe sedema serekî ya avakirina bajêr. Bajarê Heranê jî yek ji wan bajaran e ku ava bîrê lê zêde ye. Li her alîyê bajêr bîr hene. Bi saya van bîran li bajêr rez û baxçe hatine avdan.14 Bîra herî grîng a bajêr bîra Hezbane ye ku wekî çavkanîya çemê Bilêx tê qebûlkirin.15 Deh kîlometir li başûr û rojhilata bajêr çîya hene.16 Yaqut Alhemuy wiha dibêje: “Navê bajêr ji avûhewaya bajêr tê. Ango ji ber germahîyê navê Heran lê hatîye kirin. Lewre peyva “heran” di zimanê Erebî de tê maneya germî.”17 Lêbelê Hemiri û Îbn Cebir jî wiha dibêjin: Ev bajar maneya sermabûnê nizane. Ji ber vê jî navê “heran” lê hatîye danîn.18 Li gor gotina van cografyanasan eşkere dibe ku ev bajar, bajarekî germ e û kêm caran li wir hewa sar dibe. Ji ber vê jî navê “heran” lê hatîye danîn. Lewre Ereb maneya sermayê li vê peyvê bar dikin.

Pêkhateya bajarê Heranê

Piranîya çavkanîyan li ser wê yekê hevbîr in ku bajarê Heranê, bajarê olî yê Sabîhîyan bûye.19 Gerçî bawermendên olên din ên wekî Xrîstîyanî, Cihû û Îslamî20 jî di vî bajarî de hebûne û cihê perestinê yê van olan jî wekî cihê perestinê yê Sabîhîyan ku wekî heykel tê binavkirin, li vî bajarî hebûne. Her wiha wan ev perestgeh li ser girekî ava kirîye û ev gir di dema xwe de cihê Îbrahîm û xanima wî Sarayê bûye ku li gor Heranîyan gelek pîroz e.21 Li bajêr, ji bilî Sabîhîyan, Xrîstîyanî jî hebûn ku gelek dêrên wan li rojavayê bajêr hebûn.22 Her çiqas hejmara Cihûyan kêm bû jî, ew xwedî gelek kenîşte bûn ku ji hêla Îzra ve hatibûn danîn.23 Piştî ku Heran di sala 633ya de (18yê Koçî) ji hêla Misilmanan ve hate girtin, Misilmanan jî li bajêr mizgeft avakirin.24

Çend taybetmendîyên bajarê Heranê

Bajarê Heranê, wekî bajarên din ên kevn ên wê serdemê, bi sûreke qedîm ku bajar dipêçand, dihat parastin.25 Çar derîyên serekî yên vê sûrê hebûn: Derîyê rojhilat, derîyê bakur ku jê re Derîyê Bayezîd dihat gotin, derîyê başûr ku jê re Derîyê Reqayê dihat gotin, derîyê rojava ku jê re Derîyê Firat dihat gotin.26 Li rojhilata bajêr jî keleheke sext û mezin hatibû danîn ku li dora wê jî sûr hebû.27

Bajarê Heranê bajarekî xweş avakirî bûye û ji hêla aborî ve gelek çalak bûye. Lewre xwedî bazereke mezin û rêkûpêk bûye. Gelek berhemên wekî pembo û hingiv dihatin firotin. Vê yekê jî wisa kiribû danûstandina bazirganî gelek pêşkeve.28 Ji bilî vê, ev bajar, bajarekî şaristanî bûye. Çimku gelek dibistan lê hebûne û zanayên binavûdeng ên wekî Sabit kurê Qere, Sînan kurê Sabit hwd. ji vî bajarî derketine.29 Her wiha nexweşxaneyeke mezin jî li vî bajarî hebûye.30 Ev hemû belge ne ku bajarê Heranê bajarekî mezin, binavûdeng û şaristan bûye. Ev bajar berîya hatina Îslamê û piştî Îslamê bi awayekî rasterast û nerasterast xwedî roleke berçav bûye di nivîsandina dîrok û şaristanîyeta Îslamî û navçeyê de.

Bajarê Heranê di serdema dewleta Raşidî de (633-655 Zayînî, 18-40 Koçî).
1. Ji hêla Misilmanan ve girtina bajarê Heranê.

Hêza artêşa Îslamî dema ku ji Cezîreya Erebî derket, karî navçeyeke fireh ji destê herdu dewletên Sasanî û Bîzansê bigire. Vê artêşê navçeyên Iraq û Şamê, her wisa navçeya Cezîreya Firatê ku di navbera Iraq û Şamê de bû û ji hêla leşkerî ve jî cihekî stratejîk bû, bi dest xist. Yek ji armancên bidestxistina Cezîreya Firat ew bû ku artêşa Îslamî bi vî awayî dixwest careke din navçeyên Iraq û Şamê ji dest nede. Her wiha sîyaseta dewleta Îslamî ya nû wisa têgihiştibû ku divê ola Îslamê li wan navçeyan belav bike û paşê jî wan navçeyan dagir bike. Pêvajoya dagirkirina navçeya Cezîreya Firatê di sala 17a ya Koçî de dest pê kir û di sala 19an a Koçî de bi dawî hat. Ango pêvajoya dagirkirina navçeya Cezîreya Firat du sal dikşîne. Ev dever, ji hêla Misilmanan ve ji bo dagirkirinê devera herî hêsan hatîye binavkirin.31 Bajarê Heranê ku bajarekî Cezîreya Firatê ye di sala 17an a Koçî de di bin fermandarîya Eyaz kurê Xenem de hatîye dagirkirin.32 Lêbelê ev dagirkirin çawa pêk hatîye, ne eşkere ye. Çimkî çend rîwayetên serekî hene ku behsa girtina bajêr dikin. Ev rîwayet wiha ne:

Rîwayeta yekem: Tê gotin ku Eyaz kurê Xenem, piştî girtina bajarê Reqayê ber bi bajarê Heranê ve tê û li navçeya Bacidî33 leşkergeha xwe datîne. Piştî vê berê xwe dide bajarê Heranê. Xelkê Heranê derîyê bajarê xwe digrin û rê nadin artêşa Misilmanan werin nava bajêr. Paşê xelkê Heranê dawe ji fermande Eyaz kurê Xenem dikin ku bila here bajarê Rihayê û bizane ka ew çi biryar li ser vê rewşê didin. Xelkê Heranê dibêjin ku li Rihayê çi biryar were girtin, ew ê razî bin. Piştî vê, fermande Eyaz kurê Xenem ber bi bajarê Rihayê ve diçe. Lêbelê xelkê bajarê Rihayê jî li dij artêşa Îslamî derdikeve û heta çend seat li artêşa Misilmanan didin. Leşkerên bajêr jî derdikevin ji bo ku êriş bibin ser artêşa Misilmanan. Lêbelê artêşa Misilmanan bi ser dikeve û leşkerên bajarê Rihayê naçar dihêlin ku vegerin nava bajêr û daxwaza lihevhatinê bikin. Fermande Eyaz kurê Xenem jî bi nivîskî bersiv dide daxwaza wan. Ev jî deqê vê bersivê ye:

Bi navê Xwedayê Bexşinde û Mîhreban: Ev nivîs ji Eyaz kurê Xenem ve ji xelkê Rihayê re hatîye nivîsandin. Eger hûn derîyê bajêr ji min re vekin û her zilamek dînarek û hinek jî genim bide, hûn ê jîyan û dewlemendîya xwe misoger bikin. Her wiha ji wan kesên ku wenda bûne rênîşander bin û pireyan jî çêbikin û guh bidin Misilmanan. Xwedê şahidê vê nivîsê ye.34

Rîwayeta duyem: Fermande Eyaz kurê Xenem piştî ku bajarê Reqeyê bi dest dixe, ber bi bajarê Heranê ve bi rê dikeve. Lê belê ev fermande dibîne ku bajar xalî ye, xelkê bajar terikandîye û berê xwe daye bajarê Rihayê. Piştî ku artêşa Misilmanan bajarê Rihayê bi dest dixe, Eyaz kurê Xenem him bi Rihayîyan re him jî bi Heranîyan re heman peyman mor dike. Bi vî awayî bajarê Heranê dikeve jêr disthilatdarîya artêşa Îslamî.35

Rîwayeta sêyem: Ev rîwayet jî amaje pê dike ku bajarê Heranê piştî bajarê Rihayê ji hêla artêşa Misilmanan ve li ser eynî peymana ku bi bajarê Rihayê36 re hatîye danîn, hatîye girtin. Dema ku fermande Eyaz kurê Xenem digihîje bajarê Heranê, xelkê bajêr ku ji Nebtî û Romîyan pêk tê derîyê bajêr bi rûyê artêşa Îslamî de girt. Lêbelê piştî ku fam kirin wê teqez bajêr bigirin, razî bûn ku bi wan re rêk bikevin. Rêkeftin jî wekî wê rêkeftina ku bi bajarê Rihayê re hatîye danîn bû.37 Ev bûyer di roja duşemê, meha Muharrem de dema nimêja esir de qewimîye. Fermande Eyaz kurê Xenem çend rojên din li bajêr dimîne, piştî ku ji xelkê pere berhev dike, berê xwe dide bajarê Serêkanîyê.

Eger em bala xwe bidin van rîwayetan, ji me re eşkere dibe ku bajarê Heranê piştî bajarê Reqeyê hatîye dagirkirin û li ser rêkeftinnameya bajarê Rihayê bajar ketîye jêr desthilatîya artêşa Misilmanan. Lêbelê di van rîwayetan de du tişt hev nagirin: Xelkê bajarê Heranê li nav bajêr mane û dij li artêşa Misilmanan derketine yan revîyane û çûne bajarê Rihayê? Çima tenê bajarê Rihayê? Çimkî, yekem: Bajarê Rihayê bajarekî nêzikî Heranê ye.38 Duyem: Bajarê Rihayê navenda Xirîstîyanan bûye û dibe ku Xirîstîyanên bajarê Heranê pena biribin bajarê Rihayê. An jî wan bihîstîye ku xelkê wî bajarî wê dij li artêşa Îslamî raweste û li hember êrîşên vê artêşê ew ê bajarê xwe biparêzin. Sêyem: Bajarê Heranê ji ber ku bajarê bawermendên çend olan bûye, dibe ku herdu rîwayet rast bin. Ango dibe piranîya xelkê bajêr li bajêr mabin û bajarê xwe parastibin, bi taybetî jî Sabîhîyan wiha kiribe, ên din jî ango Xirîstîyanan bajar terikandibin û berê xwe dabin bajarê Rihayê.

Piştî ku bajar hatîye dagirkirin, fermande Eyaz kurê Xenem ji bo birêvebirina bajêr kesek tayîn dike û ji bo dagirkirina bajarê Semsetê bi rê dikeve. Tevahîya navçeya Cezîreya Firat heta dawîya sala 19a ya Koçî de dikeve bin desthilatîya dewleta Îslamî ku wê demê Omerê kurê Xetab xelîfe bû ku xelîfetîya wî di navbera salên 13-23ên Koçî (628-638 Zayînî) de bû. Xelîfe Omer kurê Xetab jî Eyaz kurê Xenem dike berpirsê giştî yê navçeya Cezîreya Firatê ku bajarê Heranê jî di vê berpirsîyarîyê de ye. Piştî ku Xelîfe Omer kurê Xetab ji bo ku ji nêz ve ji rewşa hemû bereyên şer ên li Iraq, Şam û Cezîreya Firat agahdar be tê navçeya Cabîyeyê,39 li wê navçeyê biryar dide ku fermande Hebîb kurê Musilme bibe berpirsê gelên bîyanî yên Cezîreya Firatê û fermande Welîd kurê Uqbe jî bibe berpirsê Erebên Cezîreya Firat. Wê demê li bajarê Heranê tenê gelê ne Ereb rûdinişt. Ji ber vê jî ev bajar ket bin fermandarîya Hebîb kurê Musilme.40

Rewşa bajarê Heranê piştî ku dikeve destê Misilmanan

Di serdema Xelîfe Osman kurê Efan de (23-36 Koçî, 638-651 Zayînî) navçeya Cezîreya Firat bi giştî alîgirê Xelîfe Osman kurê Efan bû.41 Ji ber vê jî piştî kuştina Xelîfe Osman kurê Efan, xelkê Cezîreya Firat ku tê de bajarê Heranê jî heye, wekî xelkê Cezîre dengê xwe dan Walîyê Şamê Muawîye kurê Ebu Sifyan. Çimkî Muawîye kurê Ebu Sifyan hewl dabû tola kuştina Xelîfe Osmanê kurê Efan ji kujeran bigire. Ev helwesta xelkê Cezîreya Firatê wisa kir ku xelîfeyê nû yê li Medîneyê hate hilbijartin ango Elî kurê Ebû Talîb (36-39 Koçî, 651-654 Zayînî) di bin fermandarîya Ester Elnexî hêzekê bişîne ser bajarê Heranê. Wê demê Zehaq kurê Qeysî Fehrî wekî walîyê Muawîyeyê kurê Sifyan li bajarê Heranê bû. Armanca vê hêzê vegerandina xelkê bajarê Heranê bû ber bi alîgirîya Xelîfe Elî kurê Ebû Talib. Dema ku Zehaq bihîst hêzek ji bo jinavbirina desthilatdarîya wî hatîye şandin, ji xelkê Reqayê xwest alîkarîya wî bikin û artêşekê bişînin. Xelkê Reqayê jî dij li Xelîfe Elî hewl da alîkarîya bajarê Heranê bike.42

Herdu artêş li nêzî bajarê Heranê li rastî hev hatin û şer sibê dest pê kir heta ku dinya tarî bû dewam kir. Lêbelê artêşa Zehaqê kurê Qeys şikest û naçar ma vekişe Heranê. Paşê Ester ev yek wek derfet dît û dor li bajarê Heranê girt. Muawîye kurê Ebu Sufyan di fermandarîya Ebdulrehman kurê Xalid Ebû Welîd artêşeke mezin ji Şamê şand ber bi Heranê. Ev artêş dema gihîşt nêzî bajarê Reqayê, artêşa Ester dorpêça ser bajarê Heranê rakir û li nêzî bajarê Reqayê bi artêşa Abduhrehman re rû bi rû ma. Vê artêşê karî artêşa Abduhrehman têk bibe û paşê dor li bajarê Reqayê bigire. Lêbelê vê carê Zehaq bi artêşekê ve ji Heranê derdikeve û tê alîkarîya bajarê Reqayê. Di heman demê de Muawîye di bin fermandarîya Eymen kurê Xezîm Elesdey de hêzeke din ji bo alîkarîya Zehak dişîne. Lêbelê ev artêş jî têk diçe û Ester dest datîne ser hemû alîyên navçeya Cezîreya Firatê û bajarê Heranê.43 Bi vî awayî hemû navçeya Cezîreyê dikeve jêr desthilatîya Xelîfe Elîyê kurê Ebû Talîb. Bajarê Heranê jî dibe bingeha desthilatîya vê desthilatîya nû.

III. Bajarê Heranê di serdema Dewleta Emewîyan de (656-747 Zayînî, 41-132 Koçî) 1. Bajarê Heranê di serdema destpêka Dewleta Emewîyan de

Serdema Emewîyan di sala 41a44 Koçî de (621 Zayînî) dest pê dike û heta sala 132an45 a Koçî (712 Zayînî) dewam dike. Xelîfeyê yekem ê Emewîyan Muawîye kurê Ebu Sifyan e. Serdema xelîfetîya wî ji sala 41a Koçî (621 Zayînî) dest pê dike heta sala 61a Koçî (662 Zayînî)46 dewam dike. Dema ku ew desthilatîyê werdigire dikare rewşa dewleta Îslamî qewî bike û bi taybetî jî piştî şerên navbera Xelîfe Elî kurê Ebû Talîb (36-40 Koçî, 616-620 Zayînî)47 û walîyê Şamê Muawîye kurê Ebu Sifyan) gelek bûyerên giran li cîhana Îslamî pêk tê. Lêbelê li gor me ya grîng ew e ku bajarê Heranê piştgirîya Muawîye kurê Ebû Sifyan dike. Ji ber vê piştgirîyê, bajar li rastî şer û pevçûnan tê ku me di beşa berê de amaje pê kiribû.

Bajarê Heranê di serdema Emewîyan de pêgeheke gelek grîng a îdarî bû. Lewre bajar bingeheke gelek grîng a Dewleta Emewîyan bû. Ji bilî vê walîyên navçeya Cezîreya Firatê ev bajar kiribû bingeha hukmî. Gelek dezgehên grîng ên dewletî yên wekî Beytumal48 û girtîgeh49 lê hatibûn danîn. Her wiha xelîfeyên Emewîyan dema ku dij li dewleta Bîzansê dest bi seferên cîhadê dikir, li navçeyê, bajarê Heranê dikir bingeha bicihbûnê. Lewre ji wir dixwestin nêzî bereyên şer bin û ji rewşa şer agahdar bin. Xelîfe Hişam kurê Ebdulmelîk dema ku biçûya şerê Bîzansîyan50 li bajarê Heranê bi cih dibû. Xelîfe Merwan kurê Muhemmed dema disthilatî wergirt bajarê Heranê kir paytextê Dewleta Emewîyan.51

Di serdema Xelîfe Merwan Kurê Muhemmed (742-747 Zayînî, 127-132 Koçî)

Meyla piranîya xelkê navçeya Cezîreya Firat di dawîya serdema Dewleta Emewîyan de wisa dixuyê bêtir ber bi bereya Xewaricê bû. 52 Bi taybetî di sala 127ê Koçî de (743 Zayînî) dema Xewaricî bi hêz dibin û navçeya Cezîreya Firat û Azerbeycanê ji bo encamdana karên xwe hildibijêrin. A ku bêtir me eleqedar dike ew tevger e ku metirsî dixe ser bajarê Heranê. Ev tevger jî tevgera Zehak kurê Qeys Elşeybanî ye. 53 Ev fermande kesekî xwedî şîyan bûye û wê demê serokatîya tevgera Xewaricê kirîye. Paşê wî, karî çend serkeftin bi dest bixe û hewl bide ber bi bajarê Heranê biçe, Dewleta Emewîyan têk bibe. Çimkî wê demê bajarê Heranê bingeha serekî ya hukmkirina Dewleta Emewîyan bû.54 Hêza Xewaricê ku nêzî bajarê Heran û Nisêbîn55 û Reqayê56 dibin û dibe ku hin bajar dagir kiribin. Çimkî Merwan kurê Muhemmed ji bo ku dijminên xwe yên li navçeya Cezîreyê û navçeyên din ên Dewleta Emewîyan têk bibe ji Heranê derdikeve, di sala 128a Koçî (745 Zayînî) de dema vedigere Heranê bi nemana Xewarîcîyan kêfxweş dibe.57 Gerçî tu çavkanîyek behsa wê yekê nake ku Xewaricîyan ew bajar bi dest xistibin. Lêbelê ji ber ku ew, li bajarên nêzî Heranê bûn dibe ku li ser bajêr metirsîya dagirkirinê pêk anîbin.58

Ji ber vê jî dema dawîya serdema Dewleta Emewîyan de bangewazîya Ebasîyan eşkere bû, gelek grîngî didan ku kesên bangxwaz xwe li vê navçeyê, ango li navçeya Cezîreya Firatê veşêrin. Ji ber vê jî bangexwazên Ebasîyan dest bi şandina alîgirên xwe ji bo bajarên cihê cihê yên Cezîreya Firatê şandin ku fikra tevgera Ebasîyan li wê derê were belavkirin.59 Lêbelê di serdema Dewleta Emewîyan de, bi taybetî jî di serdema Xelîfe Merwan kurê Muhemed60 de bajarê Heranê li gor bajarên din ên Cezîreya Firatê cihê bû. Çimkî bajarê Heranê wê demê bajarekî ji rêzê nebû. Wekî ku me amaje pê kiribû, di dawîya Dewleta Emewîyan de asta bajarê Heranê bilind bû. Çimkî ev bajar bibû bingeha desthilatîya xelîfeyên Emewîyan, bi taybetî jî di dema Xelîfe Merwan kurê Muhammed de ev yek berçavtir bû. Ev li alîyekî, li alîyê din jî ji bo rê nedin neyarên Xewaricî û tevgera Ebasî dagir bikin an jî fikra xwe belav bikin, hêzeke mezin a Dewleta Emewîyan li navçeya Cezîreya Firatê bi giştî û li bajarê Heranê bi taybetî hebû.61 Ji bilî vê, navçeya Cezîreyê navçeyeke hevsînorê dewleta Bîzansê bû ku bi berdewamî lê metirsî hebû ser navçeyên din ên Îslamî. Ji ber vê jî grîngîya navçeya Cezîreya Firatê bi giştî û navçeya bajarê Heranê bi taybetî derdikeve pêş. Çimkî ketina bajarê Heranê dihat maneya ketina Dewleta Emewîyan. Çimkî dam û dezgehên grîng ên dewletî li vî bajarî bûn.62

Bajarê Heranê ji bo tevgera Dewleta Ebasîyan grîng bû. Ev bajar rê li ber serokê tevgera Dewleta Ebasîyan digirt. Lewre danerê vê tevgerê ku wekî Îbrahîm Elîmam63 dihat naskirin, ji hêla Dewleta Emewîyan ve hatibû girtin û şandibûn ba Abdullah kurê Merwan ku wê demê berpirsê Cezîreya Firat bû û li bajarê Heranê rûdinişt. Îbrahîm Elîmam paşê veguhastin girtîgeha Heranê64 û heta hate kuştin li vê girtîgehê ma.65 Îbrahîm Elîmam ji hêla Xelîfe Merwan kurê Muhammed li koşka xelîfe ku li yek ji kolanên bajarê Heranê bû, hate darizandin. Aqûbeta vî bi temamî nayê eşkerekirin ka piştî darizandinê çi lê hatîye kirin. Gerçî piranîya çavkanîyan hevbîr in ku Îbrahîm Elîmam di sala 132an a Koçî de (747 Zayînî) hatîye kuştin. Lêbelê ev çavkanî hevbîr nînin ka ew çawa hatîye kuştin.66

Di vê navberê de Dewleta Emewîyan bi tevgera Ebasîyan re şerekî mezin dikin. Ebasîyan ji bo vî şerî artêşeke mezin amade dikin ku Dewleta Emewîyan têk bibin. Artêşa Ebasîyan gelek navçeyên Dewleta Emewîyan dagir dikin. Her wiha ev artêş gelek serkeftinên mezin bi dest dixe. Bi taybetî dema ku artêşa Ebasî digihîje nevçeya Şarezûr,67 desthilatdarên Emewî hewl didin rê li ber jinavçûna Dewleta Emewîyan bigirin. Ji ber vê jî Xelîfe Merwan kurê Muhemmed di sala 132yê Koçî de (747 Zayînî) bi artêşeke mezin ji bajarê Heranê derdikeve û berê xwe dide artêşa Ebasîyan ku li navçeya Zêya Mezin e.68 Piştî şer artêşa Emewîyan dişkê, Merwan kurê Muhemmed naçar dimîne ku bi artêşa xwe vekişe Mûsilê.69 Paşê diçin bajarê Nisêbinê ku şev û rojek lê dimîne û ji wir jî vedigere bingeha xwe ya desthilatdarîyê ku li bajarê Heranê ye. Li wir jî tenê 20 şev dimîne,70 artêşa xwe amade dike û diçe navçeya Misirê.71

Piştî ku Merwan kurê Muhemmed ji bajarê Heranê direve, serokê Ebasî Abdullah kurê Elî berê xwe dide Heranê ku wê demê Eban kurê Yezîd kurê Muhemmed berpirsê bajêr bû, bi serok Abdullah kurê Elî re rû bi rû dimîne. Lêbelê ew, bajêr ji Abdullah re teslîm dike.72 Serokê Ebasîyan jî piştî ku bajêr digire koşka Xelîfe Merwan kurê Muhemmed hildiweşîne73 û paşê Musa kurê Ke’b dike berpirsê navçeya Cezîreya Firat.74 Musa kurê Ke’b wekî berpirsê navçeya Firatê dest bi kar dike û bingeha desthilatîya xwe li bajarê Heranê datîne. Yekem biryara wî ji bo bicihbûna rewşa Dewleta Ebasîyan, mecbûrkirina lixwekirina cilûbergên reş bû. Lixwekirina cilûbergên reş nîşaneya qebûlkirina tevgera Dewleta Ebasîyan bû.75

Piştî hilweşîna Dewleta Emewîyan, ew grîngîya berê ya serdema Emewîyan a navçeya Cezîreya Firatê êdî nema. Lêbelê bajarê Heranê grîngîya xwe parast. Lewre bingeha desthilatdarîya welîyên Cezîreya Firatê li vî bajarî ma. Dema ku xelkê nerazî yê Cezîreya Firatê desthilatî ji Ebasîyan wergirt, cilûbergên spî li xwe kirin û berê xwe dan bajarê Heranê ku walîyê Ebasîyan Musa kurê Ke’b li wir dima. Bajar nêzî du mehan di bin dorpêçê de ma. Lêbelê ji ber ku li bajêr hêzeke mezin a leşkerî ya Dewleta Ebasîyan hebû, komên nerazî nekarî bajêr bi dest bixin. Paşê Dewleta Ebasîyan ev dorpêç şikand û bajêr ji destê serhildêran rizgar kir û di sala 132yê Koçî de (747 Zayînî) navçeyên din tev ketin destê dewleta nû ya Ebasîyan.76

Encam

1- Bajarê Heranê kevntirîn bajarê herêma Cezîreya Firatê ye û duyemîn bajarê mezin ê wê herêmê ye.

2- Li bajêr bawermendên gelek olan hebûne. Lêbelê wekî bajarê ola Sabîhîyan hatîye naskirin.

3-Bajar xwedî şaristanîyeteke dewlemend e û xwedî zanayên binavûdeng e.

4- Bajar di serdema Raşidî de bajarekî dîyar û binavûdeng bûye, bingeha hukmî û walîyên herêma Cezîreya Firatê li wir bûne.

5- Di serdema Emewîyan de pêgeheke dîyar a îdarî ya bajêr hebûye û di dawîya serdema Emewîyan de bajêr karîye bibe paytextê Emewîyan.

6- Xelkê bajêr gelek car piştgirê desthilatê bûne.

7- Xelkê bajêr çawa ku di nivîsandina şaristanîyeta Îslamî de beşdar bûye wisa jî bi awayekî rasterast di nivîsandina guhertinên sîyasî û leşkerî yên navçeyê de beşdar bûye.

1 Alblazrî, Fituh Albildan, wez’ hwaşîye: Abdulqadir Muhammed Alî, Dar Alkitab alm’lmîye, Beyrut, 2000. rr.107-109; Almehdanî, Albildan, Tehqîq: Yusif Alhawî, Alim Alkîtab, Beyrut, 1996. r.179; Îbn Xirdazbe, Almusalik Walmemalîk, Mektebe Almusnî, Bexda, d.t. r.73; Alqazwînî, Aşar Albilad Waxbar Al’abad, Dar Alsadir, 3t, Beyrut, 2011, r.351.

2 Alastxirî, Almisalik Welmemalik, Mutb’e birîl, Liden, 1870, r. 36.

3 Cezîreya Firatê: Navçeyeke ku ji deverên Dîyarbekir, Dîyar Mezir û Dîyar Rebî’e pêk hatîye. Ji ber ku dikeve navbera çemên Firat û Dîcleyê cezîre (girav) tê gotin. Qazwînî, Aşar Albilad, r. 351.

4 Îbn Xirdad Zibe, Almisalik Welmemalik, r.175.

5 Se’îd Almexrîbî, Kîtab Alcoxrafya, Tehqîq: Îsmaîl Al’erebî, Beyrut, 1970, r. 156.

6 Fayir, Made Heran, Tercume: Îbrahîm Zikî Qurşîd Waxrub, Daîre Almarîf Alîslamîye, Tehran, 1923, c 7. r. 354.

7 Albîrunî, Alaşar Albaqîye în Alqirun Alxalîye, Libîzk, 1923, r. 206.

8 Daîre Alma’rîf Alîslamîye, Tehran, 1923, c 7. r. 354.

9 Albekrî, M’cem Astecim Min Asma’ Albilad walmuwas’, Tehqîq: Mustefa Alsiqa, Mit: Licne Alte’lîf Weltercume Welneşîr Alqahîre, 1945, c. 1. r.435. Albekrî, Almisalik Welmemalîk, Tehqîq: Adrian Van Livfin Wanderi Firi, Dar Alareb Alîslamî, d.t. 1992, c. 1. rr. 105-106; Alhamiri, Alruz Alme’tar Fî Qeber Alaqetar, Heqîqe: Ahsan Ebas, Mitbe’, Hid Lebirx, t2, Beyrut, 1982, r. 191; Yaqut Alhemuy, M’cem Albildan, Qadim Liha: Muhammed Abdulrahman Alemer Eşlî, Dar Ahye Altiraş Al’erbî, Beyrut, (d.t) mc2, r. 130; Îbn Cebir, Rahle Îbn Cîr, Dar Sadır, t3, Beyrut, 2012. r. 220.

10 Îbn Huqil, Sure Alariz, Dar Mektebe Alheyat, Beyrut, 1992, r. 190; Aladrîsî, Nizhe Almiştaf Fî Axtraq Alafaq, Metba Alem Alkitab, Beyrut, 2010, r. 309.

11 Albekrî, Almisalik Welmemalîk, c. 1. r.106; Yaqut Alhemuy, mc. 2, r. 130. Albexdadî, Merased Alatla Ali Asma Alamekne w Albqa’, Tehqîq walte’lîq: Ali Muhammed Albecawî, Matba Aldar Alcîl, t. 1. 1002, r. 389; Alruz Almetar, r. 191.

12 Se’id Almexrîbî, Kitab Alcoxrafya, r. 156.

13 Alhamiri, Ruz Al’tar, r. 191.

14 Ebu Alfida, Tequym Albildan, Dar Altebae Alsiltanîye, Parîs, 1840, r. 277.

15 Alansarî, Nebe Alder Fî Ecaîb Albir Walbehr, d.m. 1923, r. 191.

16 Ebu Alfida, Tequym Albildan, r. 277.

17 Mi’cem Albildan, c 2. r. 130.

18 Rjz Alme’tar, r. 192; Rahle Îbn Cebîr, r. 219.

19 Alastxirî, Almisali welmemalîk, r. 36; Alîdrîsî, Nizhe Almeştaq, r. 309; AlHamîrî, Ruz Alme’tar, r. 191; Abu Alfida Albuldan, r. 277.

20 Ahhemîrî, Ruz Alme’tar, r. 191.

21 Îbn Cebîr, Rahle Îbn Cebîr, r. 220.

22 Alhamîrî, Ruz Alme’tar, r. 191.

23 Binyamîn Altatîlî, Rahle Binyamîn, tercume: Ezra Hedad, mt: Şirqîye, t1, Bexdad, 1945, r. 124.

24 Alhamîrî, Ruz Alme’tar, r. 191.

25 Alhamîrî, Ruz Alme’tar, r. 191; Îbn Cebîr, Rahle Îbn Cebîr, r. 221.

26 Alhamîrî, Ruz Alme’tar, r. 191.

27 Yaqut Alhemuy, Me’cim Albildan, mac 2, r. 332.

28 Îbn Cebîr, Rahle Îbn Cebîr, r. 221.

29 Îbn Alnedîm, Alferist, Zibte Wşerhe w Elq Aliwqedîm: Yusif Ali Tiwîl, Dar Alkîtab Alîlmîye, Beyrut, t2, 2002, rr. 435-436.

30 Îbn Cebîr, Rahle Îbn Cebîr, r. 221.

31 Altabirî, Tarîx Amam walmiluk, Tehqîq: Newaf Alcerah, Beyrut, 2005, mc 2, rr. 683-684.

32 Altabirî, Tarîx Amam walmiluk, mc 2, r. 684; Îbn Aşim Alkufî, Alfituh, Tehqîq: Alî Şîrî, mt: Dar Alasiwa, Beyrut, 1991, c 1. r. 255.

33 Bacidî: Gundekî mezin e ku dikeve navbera bajarê Serêkanîyê û Reqayê. Li dora vî gundî sûr, rez û bax hebûne. Ev gund gundê zanayê binavûdeng ê Heranê Îbn Teymîye ye. Yaqut Alhemûy, Me’cim Albildan, mc 1, r. 250.

34 Alblazri, Fituh Albildan, rr. 108-109; Alhamîrî, Alruz Alme’tar, r. 273.

35 Alblazri, Fituh Albildan, r. 109.

36 Alblazri, Fituh Albildan, r. 109.

37 Îbn Yusif, Ahxrac, Tehqîq, te Abduhrauf Se’îd Hesen Muhammed, Alqahîre, 1999, r. 51.

38 Îbn Hwqil, Sure Alaris, r. 190; Nizhe Almiştaq, rr. 310-309; Alastxrî, Almisalk û wilmemalîk, r. 35; Abu Alfîda, Teqwîm Albildan, r. 374.

39 Cabîye: Gundekî ser bi Şamê ve ye. Xelîfe Omerê kurê Xetab gotareke dîrokî li wir pêşkêş dike. Yaqud Alhemuy, Me’cem Albildan, mc 2, r. 21.

40 Altabîrî, Tarîx Almim walmiluk, mac 2, r. 684.

41 Îbn Aşim Alkufî, Alfituh, c 2. r. 493.

42 Îbn Aşim Alkufî, Alfituh, c 2. r. 493.

43 Îbn Aşim Alkufî, Alfituh, c 2. rr. 493-494.

44 Elmes’udî, Miruc Alzeheb, c 3. r. 11.

45 Almasdar Nifse, c 3. r. 240.

46 Almasdar Nifse, c 3. r. 11.

47 Almes’udî, Miruc Alzeheb, c 2. r. 311.

48 Alceşyarî, Aluzra Welkîtab, tehqîq: Mustefa Alsifa waqrun, Misir, 1980, r. 53.

49 Almes’udî, Miruc Alzeheb, c 3. r. 233; Alaşîr, Alkamil Fî Altarîx c 5. r. 72.

50 Alhemedanî, Albildan, r. 457.

51 Îbn Aşim Alkufî, Elfituh, c 2. r. 314.

52 Alxewaric: Komek mirov bûn ku piştî bo çareserkirina nakokîyan bi walîyê Şamê Muawîye kurê Ebû Sifyan re peyman hate danîn, ji nav artêşa Elî kurê Ebû Talîb derketin. Ev kom bi vê peymanê razî nebûn û ji artêşa Xelîfe Elî derketin û çûn gundê Herurîye. Herurî gundekî ser bi bajarê Kufeyê ve ye. Wan Şebîb kurê Rebî’e Eltemîm wekî berpirsê xwe destnîşan kir. Almes’udî, Miruc Alzeheb Wem’adin Alcewher, Enî be: Muhammed Hişam Alni’san, Abdulhemîd T’me Helibî, Dar Alme’rufe, Beyrut, 2005, c 2. r. 352. Alşaristanî, Almalîk Walnihil, Tehqîq: Se’îd Alxanimî, Beyrut, 2013, r. 193-194.

53 Alblazrî, Cemal Min Ansab Alaşraf, Tehqîq: Sehîl Zikar w Rîyaz Zirkilî, d.m. 1997, c 10. r. 253; Altabîrî, Tarîx Almim Walmiluk, c 4. r 1480; Îbn Alaşîr, Alkamîl Fî Altarîx, mc 5. r. 12.

54 Alazdî, Tarîx Almusil, Tehqîq: Alî Hebîbe, Alqahîre, 1967, r. 69.

55 Ali’qubî, Tarîx Alî’qubî, Tehqîq: Abdulemîr Mena, Şirke Alailmî Almetbuat, Beyrut, 2010, mc 2. r. 269.

56 Îbn Alaşhir, Alkamil Fî Altarîx, mc 5. r. 22. Alazdî, Tarîx Almusil, r. 69.

57 Alazdî, Tarîx Almusil, r. 76.

58 Îbn Alaşhir, Alkamil Fî Altarîx, mc 5. r. 22.

59 Muhamme Casim Hemadî, Alcezîre Alfiratîye Walmusil, Dar Alrîsale Alteba’e, Bexdad, 1977, r. 259.

60 Îbn Aşim Alkufî, Alfituh, c 2. r. 314.

61 Micewl, Axbar Aldewle Al’basîye, rr. 355-377.

62 Îbn Aşım Alkufî, Alfituh, c 2. r. 314.

63 Îbrahîm Elîmam: Navê wî Îbrahîm kurê Muhammed kurê Abdullah bû. Li Hemîmeya ser bi Şamê ve di sala 82yê Koçî de (701 Zayînî) ji dayik bûbû û di sala 131a Koçî de (749 Zayînî) li girtîgeha Heranê wefat kiribû. Rêberê tevgera Ebasîyan bû û îmamtîya wî ji bavê wî dihat. Alzehebî, Sîr Alam Alnibla, Mosse Alrisale, d.m. 2001. c 5. r. 379.

64 Îbn Alaşîr, Alkamil Fî Altarîx mc 5. r. 72.

65 Alî’qubî, Tarîx, c 2. r. 341-342.

66 Ji bo zanyarîya zêdetir li van binêrin: Almes’udî, Meruc Alzeheb, c 3. r. 233; Altaberî, Tarîx Almam walmiluk, c 4. r. 1529; Îbn Alaşîr, Alkamil Fî Altarîx, mc 5. r. 72-73.

67 Şarezûr: Navçeyeke fireh e ku dikeve navbera bajarên Hewlêr û Hemedanê. Piranîya şênîyên vê navçeyê Kurd in û piranîya mîrnişînên vê navçeyê di destê Kurdan de ye. Yaqut Alhemuy, Me’cum Albildan, mc 3. r. 165.

68 Zêya Mezin: Navçeyek e ku dikeve navbera Hewlêr û Mûsilê. Di rastîyê de Zêya Mezin çe- mek ku çavkanîyên vî çemî digihîje nêzî Mûsilê û li navçeya Hedîseyê, dirije çemê Dîcleyê. Yaqut Alhemuy, Me’cum Albildan, mc 2, r. 462.

69 Altaberî, Tarîx Almam Walmiluk, c 4. r. 1528-1531.

70 Aldinurî, Alaxbar Altiwal, Teshîh: Vilademir Circas, t 1, Metba’ Berîl, Lidin, 1888, r. 363; Almes’udî Meruc Alzeheb, c 3. r. 234.

71 Alazdî, Tarîx Almusil, r. 125-126.

72 Almekî, Semet Alnicum Al’walî Fhi Anba Alawa’îl Waltwalhi, Tehqîq: Alşîx Adil Ahmed Abdumecud w Alşîx Elî Muhammed Me’wus, Dar Alkîtab Al’îlmîye, Beyrut, c 3. r. 345-347.

73 Almesu’dî, Merwic Alzeheb, c 3. r. 234.

74 Xelîfe Xyat, Tarîq Qelhife Bin Xyat, Tehqîq: Akrem Sîya Al’merî, t 2, Dar Altîbe Alneşîr waltewzî’, Alrîyaz, 1985, r. 403.

75 Muhammed Casim Alhemadî, Alcezîre Alfiratîye Walmusîl, Bexdad, 1977, r. 396.

76 Altaberî, Tarîx Almam Walmiluk, c 4. r. 1534; Îbn Alaşîr, Alkamil Fî Altarîx, mac 5. r. 80-81.

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ÇAVKANÎYÊN ALÎKAR

Fayîr: Made Heran Daîre Alme’ruf Alîslamîye, Tehran, 1923.
Hemadî: Muhammed Casim Alcezîre Alfiratîye Walmusil Diraset Fî Tarîx Alsîyasî Walîdarî, Dar Alrîsale Alteba’e, Bexdad. 1977.

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